International Microtrade Regime - Structure and Financing

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
New Form ◽  
Indian Scenario

The conceptualization of a new form of trade, microtrade, is visualized to hold great promise in economic development of the producers belonging to LDCs and developing countries. In order to meet the goal of poverty reduction at a sustainable pace, the institutional, financial and logistical mechanisms for facilitating microtrade both at the international and national level needs to be built in a manner which ensures maximum efficiency. The paper deals with two fundamental aspects of development of microtrade. First, it delineates different aspects which would provide a strong substratum to the proposed microtrade regime. It explores the legal and institutional framework required for conduct of microtrade, which can be structured under the existing WTO regime and proposes necessary amendments to the WTO regime. Second, the paper explores financial aspects of the proposed microtrade regime. A case study of operation of micro-credit in the Indian scenario is undertaken in order to highlight the problems which have recently emerged in the microfinance sector. The scale of these problems has led the Indian government to propose a bill, regulating microfinance in India. Cue from this experience needs to be taken in order to move towards a foolproof system of financing microtrade at the local level.

scholarly journals Horticulture Scenario in Tamilnadu: Progress and Constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
K Kesavalu ◽  
R Asokan ◽  
A Abdul Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
National Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Plantation Crops

Horticulture is now acknowledged as being a vital driver for economic development, poverty reduction and enhanced nutrition for populations in developing countries. Tamil Nadu is one of the foremost horticulture States in India, contributing 7.7 percent to the national horticultural production with 5.7 percent of the national level area. The horticultural crops contain the remarkable potential for export earnings within the State. Cardamom and pepper are important species of Tamil Nadu; Plantation crops of Tamil Nadu are coffee and tea, and that they are traditionally exporting products. Flowers have small areas in Tamil Nadu, but the price of production per hectare is substantial. Palmarosa and indigo are cultivated in negligibly small rooms, mostly for export. Therefore, this paper examines the progress, problems and constraints of the horticulture scenario in Tamilnadu.

scholarly journals India

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
Hai-Anh H. Dang ◽  
Peter Lanjouw
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Early Years ◽  
First Century ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Village ◽  
Horizontal Inequalities

India in the early years of the twenty-first century achieved per capita growth rates that were historically unprecedented. Poverty reduction also accelerated. There is concern, however, that this growth was accompanied by a rise in inequality. In this chapter, we report on a research project that examines inequality trends and dynamics at the all-India level over three decades up to 2011/12 and contrasts these with evidence at the level of the village or the urban block. We further unpack inequality to explore dynamics in terms of the movement of people within the income distribution over time. The assessment of mobility is informed both by evidence at the very local level, and by aggregate, national-level trends. The study attempts, further, to assess horizontal inequalities into a measure of inequality of opportunity as captured by inter-generational mobility in education outcomes.

scholarly journals Application of the new Swedish planning support system Citylab to a Chinese urban case

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunzhu Ji ◽  
Zhenhong Gu ◽  
Ronald Wennersten ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
Yixing Duan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Support System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Planning System ◽  
City Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Planning Support ◽  
Planning Support System

PurposeThe purpose of this paper we present a case study where the Swedish planning support system Citylab is applied to a Chinese case in Changzhou's Tianning District.Design/methodology/approachChina's planning system is a vertical system based on policy development on the national level, policies which are to be implemented on local level. There is a gap between the ambitious central policies and the implementations on local levels. China is now exporting its planning model to other developing countries which makes it urgent to show examples of other strategies including more horizontal planning involving the public. The planning system in Sweden is based on a much more horizontal process. Therefore, the authors try to learn from Sweden's vertical planning system in the urban development environment of China.FindingsA key message for policy makers in China is that systems like Citylab can play an important role in developing practical and scalable examples of more sustainable city districts. The paper concludes that a barrier for local sustainability planning in China is still lack of effective communication between local actors including the public.Originality/valueThe authors exemplified Changzhou Tianning District's practical exploration, thus proving the adapted Citylab method's practical operability. Based on the common problems faced by eco-city development in developing countries, the method framework of Citylab is applicable to other developing countries, with strong room for deduction and development.

scholarly journals Refleksiv institusjonalisering. Nytt frivillig engasjement i brytningen mellom endring og stabilitet

2018 ◽  
pp. 211-234
Author(s):  
Ivar Eimhjellen
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Organizational Adaptation ◽  
Organizational Growth ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Organizational Identities ◽  
Community Based Organization

In this chapter I explore how collective action is initiated, mobilized and organized in light of trends of more individualized and reflexive forms of volunteering in Norway. By conducting a qualitative case-study of the climate-based Transition-initiative in Bergen, Norway, I have illustrated how general trends in volunteering are manifested on the local level, shaped by institutionalized frames of action, but also open for interpretative flexibility. Adaptation to reflexive and self-oriented volunteers in Transition entailed a decentralized, informal, flexible, network- and neighborhood-based mode of organizing collective action, focusing on the volunteers’ and participants’ personal interests and resources and the surrounding social and physical infrastructure. A prerequisite behind this organizational form were paid positions for coordinating, administrating and “nudging” volunteers and their activities to fit the organization’s objective. A certain degree of formalization and institutionalization due to organizational growth has also been necessary over the course of the years. Contradicting expectations from the theory of reflexive volunteering of attenuated organizational identities and social bonds in organizations, the Transition-initiative indicated the opposite, aiming at building a community-based organization. Albeit being locally focused, the initiative was inspired by global issues and is also connected to the international Transition movement, and is also a political actor on the national level. In order to analytically describe the Transition-initiative I propose the concept of reflexive institutionalization, referring to an organizational adaptation to reflexive forms of volunteering simultaneous to an inevitable process of institutionalizing some form of organizational structure if a sustainable (network-) organization is to be built.

scholarly journals “And Slowly, the Integration and the Growing and the Learning”: Nuanced Notions of Integration of Bhutanese Refugees in US Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Annie Taccolini Pannagio ◽  
Odessa Gonzalez Benson
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Bhutanese Refugee

Policy related to refugee integration focuses on economic factors, while integration is not clearly operationalized nor is it being systematically measured and tracked in policy implementation. This study poses the question, how can local-level integration be conceptualized based on the perspectives of resettled refugees, to add nuance to policy. Using a case study approach with a nation-wide scale, data include 40 interviews and five focus groups with leaders of Bhutanese refugee-run organizations in 35 cities across the United States. Findings illustrate the importance of bonds, bridges and links in non-linear, relational integration. Findings also suggest that better access to services and resources is the responsibility of policy-makers and would lead to stronger bridges over time. This complicates existing policy and implies that resettlement programming should remain individualized and contextual from the ground level to the national level.

A literature survey of community participation in the natural gas sector in developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obadia Kyetuza Bishoge ◽  
Lingling Zhang ◽  
Witness Gerald Mushi ◽  
Nametso Matomela
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Step Model ◽  
Informed Society

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the context of community opinions and participation in the natural gas sector in developing countries, a case study of Tanzania. To achieve this purpose, the study pointed out six facts, namely, information on the natural gas sector; awareness of the natural gas-related policies; laws and regulations and the creation of employment opportunities; local experts in the natural gas sector; the use of natural gas revenues; and natural gas for poverty reduction and improvement of social well-being. Design/methodology/approach The study is a systematic review of the literature on community participation based on the relevant studies published between 2010 and 2018. A comprehensive literature review was carried out following the seven-step model whereby relevant themes from different potential bibliographic databases such as Google Scholar were systematically selected, compiled and analyzed using descriptive methods. Findings The study revealed that despite the various efforts made by the governments and other stakeholders to promote community participation, there is an inadequate level of community participation in the natural gas sector in developing countries. There are limited local experts for natural gas operations and low transparency on natural gas contracts, agreements and revenues. Therefore, there is the need to raise awareness for a highly informed society with a clear sense of ownership of the natural gas wealth among the local communities. Moreover, transparency and accountability are recommended for the sustainable natural gas sector development. Originality/value This paper offers new and current cross-sectoral inclusion, opinions, hopes and concerns of the community on the natural gas sector management in developing countries.

scholarly journals Hollowing out national agreements in the NHS? The case of “Improving Working Lives” under a “Turnaround” plan

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Ian Roper ◽  
David Etherington ◽  
Suzan Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Performance Management ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Employee Relations ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
The Face

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the resilience of a national-level initiative (Improving Working Lives (IWL)) in the face of local-level initiative (Turnaround) in an NHS hospital and compare to Bach and Kessler’s (2012) model of public service employment relations. Design/methodology/approach Case study research consisting of 23 in-depth semi-structured interviews from a range of participants. Findings The principles behind IWL were almost entirely sacrificed in order to meet the financial objectives of Turnaround. This indicates the primacy of localised upstream performance management initiatives over the national-level downstream employee relations initiatives that form the basis of the NHS’ claim to model employer aspiration. Research limitations/implications The case study was conducted between 2007 and 2009. While the case study falls under previous government regime, the dualised system of national-level agreements combined with localised performance management – and the continued existence of both Turnaround and IWL – makes the results relevant at the time of writing. Originality/value Some studies (e.g. Skinner et al., 2004) indicated a perception that IWL was not trusted by NHS staff. The present study offers reasons as to why this may be the case.

scholarly journals Leveraging intellectual capital in developing countries: evidence from Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Ferramosca ◽  
Alessandro Ghio
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how organization’s resources and community aspects shape intellectual capital (IC) performance in developing countries. In fact, it is still unclear to what level organizational aggregation can influence forms of IC performance in the simultaneous presence of strong traditional legacy and eagerness for development. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a project of aggregation of artists in Kenya. It uses a mixed methods approach. Findings The analysis first documents that multiple capital resources, i.e., human, social, and organizational contribute to improve IC performance. Social and organizational resources have the largest positive effects. This study then supports the importance of community aspects in fostering IC performance. In this light, it appears to facilitate knowledge interaction and interrelationship networks rather than accentuate possible pre-existing groups’ rivalry. Research limitations/implications The results are inferred from a single case study, and so the reader is given the caveat that the results cannot be easily generalized. The evidence gathered can represent a useful ground on which to build future studies comparing different legal, social, cultural, and economic contexts. Practical implications This study gathers insights on how organization’s resources can lead to IC performance in developing countries and in a setting characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity. It also addresses the call for more research on programs implemented at local level to leverage IC and to valorize traditional knowledge in a sustainable and concrete way. Originality/value Evidence on IC in developing countries is still scant, besides their potential for growth. This study attempts to address this gap. Moreover, it pays attention to the context by analyzing the community aspects. Finally, the use of mixed methods further validates previous evidence on the relationship between organization’s resources and IC performance.

scholarly journals The Institutional Dualism and Its Impact on Economic Development The Case of Dualism in Batam

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-252
Author(s):  
Lany Pionier S ◽  
Jun Matsunami ◽  
Bakti Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Batam as a region with a strategic position, located on the international trade route, was developed to become one of the engines of economic growth in Indonesia. However, in its development, Batam faced governance problems that had an impact on the decline in its economic performance. Not only at the local level, but its influence reaches the national level. This study explains the causal relationship of Dual Governance, focusing on aspects of formation, relations between institutions and their impact on development. Using the framework of Holzinger, Kern and Kromrey (2016), this study captures the issue of institutional dualism that has occurred for years and is considered to be the cause of the decline in development in Batam. The study was conducted using qualitative research methods with a case study approach and collecting data from interviews and document analysis.There are several concluding points in this study regarding institutional dualism and its impact on economic development based on Batam’s case. They are the implementation of decentralization, the significance of the pre-existing institution, the similarity between two institution in respect of interpreting and implementing policies and the relationship between intergovernmental relations and economic development. These three factors affect the degree of intergovernmental relations which is directly proportional to economic development. The more intergovernmental relations are, the higher economic development is.

scholarly journals Decentralization, legitimacy, and democracy in post-Soviet Central Asia

2021 ◽  
pp. 187936652110685
Author(s):  
David Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Political System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Political Decentralization ◽  
Level I ◽  
Soviet Central Asia

During the 1990s, a conventional wisdom emerged, based on literature going back decades, that political decentralization might be among the most effective forces for democratization. If ordinary people could participate in autonomous local governments, democracy would be built from the ground up, ultimately shaping the entire political system. Once decentralization reforms were implemented across the world, however, the results were disappointing. Authoritarianism not only thrived at the local level, it could also undermine democratization at the national level. Thus, local-national transference still held, but sometimes as a poison. In this context, the case of post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan is an anomaly. Here, the relative success of political decentralization—rather than its failure—nevertheless failed to spur democratization at the national level. I argue that this is because decentralization allowed national authorities to appease international donors while they consolidated their own power. Moreover, while decentralization empowered local communities, it did so in ways that personalized local authority and pitted local and national authorities against one another, resulting in intense localism and antagonistic center-local relations that undermined any democratic transference. The case study findings are based on ten months of field research, which includes interviews with local and national officials, ordinary villagers, and representatives of NGOs and international organizations.

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