scholarly journals How to Bring a Building Back From Ruins / Jak Wyprowadzić Budynek z Ruiny?

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Tomasz Błaszczyński ◽  
Wojciech Sokołowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Cost Cutting ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
French Citizen ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract This paper is about the renovation of the baroque palace in Żagań. The journey starts at what was once a Medieval castle and finishes in the XIX century at the villa of Żagań Princes. Now the building is a XIX century villa maintained in a baroque style. The castle was built in the Middle Ages by Silesian Piasts and rebuilt three times, first by prince Wallenstein, then by prince Lobkovic, and finally, in the XVIII century, by princess Talleyrand. It remained the property of a French citizen until the 1960s, with its condition slowly decaying. In 1965, it was almost totally destroyed. Then the first renovation and revitalization works were initiated, lasting almost twenty years. The second renovation took place in the years 2007-2013, co-funded by the European Union. However, as a result of some cost cutting, the palace now requires a further, third approach to renovation.

scholarly journals Italy - Crimea: history and modernity

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Eliseo BERTOLASI
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Institutions ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

On 18 May 2016, in Venice, the Council of the Veneto Region was the first institution in the European Union that recognized the reunification of Crimea with Russia. This resolution paved the way for the same action by other Italian regional institutions: on 29 June 2016 in Genoa, the Council of the Liguria Region approved the recognition of thenew Crimean status; on 5 July, was the turn of the Lombardia Region. It is no coincidence that Veneto and Liguria have taken this step, but there are very specific historical reasons. Crimea in the Middle Ages hosted Venetian and Genoese colonies.

Les héritages chrétiens: quel avenir?

Moreana ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (Number 176) (1) ◽  
pp. 175-190
Author(s):  
Bernard Bourdin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Religious Significance ◽  
Politics And Religion

The legacy from Christianity unquestionably lies at the root of Europe, even if not exclusively. It has taken many aspects from the Middle Ages to modern times. If the Christian heritage is diversely understood and accepted within the European Union, the reason is essentially due to its political and religious significance. However, its impact in politics and religion has often been far from negative, if we will consider what secular societies have derived from Christianity: human rights, for example, and a religious affiliation which has been part and parcel of national identity. The Christian legacy has to be acknowledged through a critical analysis which does not deny the truth of the past but should support a European project built around common values.

The Hare and the Tortoise Revisited: The New Politics of Consumer and Environmental Regulation in Europe

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID VOGEL
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Support ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
New Politics ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
The 1960S

There has been an important shift in the pattern of divergence between consumer and environmental protection policies in Europe and the United States. From the 1960s through the mid 1980s American regulatory standards tended to be more stringent, comprehensive and innovative than in either individual European countries or in the European Union (EU). However, since around 1990 the obverse has been true; many important EU consumer and environmental regulations are now more precautionary than their American counterparts.The ‘new’ politics of consumer and environmental regulation in Europe are attributable to three inter-related factors: a series of regulatory failures within Europe, broader and stronger political support for more stringent and comprehensive regulatory standards within Europe and the growth in the regulatory competence of the European Union.In many respects, European regulatory politics and policies since the 1990s resemble those of the United States during the 1970s. Thus health, safety and environmental politics and policies in the United States are no longer as distinctive as many scholars have portrayed them.

scholarly journals Nieformalne struktury państw Unii Europejskiej w walce z międzynarodowym terroryzmem. Bilans współpracy i wyzwania

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Luiza WOJNICZ
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Community ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Political Cooperation ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Eu

The informal structures of the European Union employed in the struggle against international terrorism can be divided into those emerging inside the European Community, and those involving the states outside the EC, or third parties. The emergence of informal structures to fight terrorism resulted from the observation that the then EC did not cooperate to fight terrorism. In the 1960s and 1970s the increasing problem of terrorism stimulated efforts to look for ways to deal with it. It would have been a good solution to begin cooperation in the field of internal security on a Community scale, yet this approach stirred too many controversies and fears. Additionally, a general disinterest in political cooperation at that time made some states begin building informal structures aimed at the exchange of information on terrorist threats. It is worth emphasizing that the structures discussed in this paper (i.e. groups and clubs) are to a certain extent an element of European intelligence, as they involve intelligence agencies, structures operating within EU countries and outside, and the cooperation or synergy of intelligence provided by various mechanisms and activities. The cooperation within the framework of such structures goes beyond the EU and Europe, thus becoming more effective in fighting international, modern, globalized, non-territorial terrorism of a network character. Therefore, although the European Union has been conducting its own policy against terrorism involving all its member states, these informal structures with third parties will continue to play an important part in anti-terrorist cooperation between states that are at particular risk of terrorist activity.

The United Kingdom and the European Union

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair Blair
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Connections ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
The Eu

Since the end of World War II a key question that successive U.K. governments have faced is what position the country should occupy in global affairs. Such a question stemmed from the legacy of Empire, which both offered global connections and at the same time financial demands in terms of the need to maintain a global footing. These issues came to a head when the United Kingdom applied (unsuccessfully) to join the European Community (the forerunner of the European Union (EU)) in the 1960s when the country was reappraising its position in the world. And while the United Kingdom eventually joined the Community in 1973, there remained an underlying skepticism about membership within the public at large as well as within sections of the Conservative and Labour parties. This suspicion gained more traction from the 1990s onward as the then EU appeared to be moving to a deeper level of integration in the wake of the Maastricht Treaty. This spurred on Euroskeptics in the United Kingdom to campaign for independence. To put a lid on this pressure for reform, David Cameron held a referendum on U.K. membership in 2016. His gamble that this would once and for all seal the United Kingdom within the EU by closing down the issue of withdrawal did not actually materialize, as the electorate voted to leave, which in turn set the country on a path to depart the EU in 2020. Yet, despite these developments, just as was the case in 1945, the United Kingdom is in many ways still searching for a role in the world in 2020.

The re-making of Europe: The long view

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-120
Author(s):  
Graham Room
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Justice ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Democratic Engagement ◽  
Critical Questioning ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

This article starts with three commonplace judgements on the European Union – its success in healing the wounds of war, its failure to win democratic engagement and its vulnerability now to the seeds of disintegration. Setting these against the background of the High Middle Ages, and the original making of Europe, the article argues that each of these judgements is overly simplistic and for reasons that are closely interconnected. They are, moreover, the ‘high politics’ of European integration, expressing the concerns of political elites. Against these, the article proposes a rather different agenda, in relation to the following: social and economic justice; the turmoil, dislocation and hurt that European integration produces; the critical questioning of political elites; and the creative diversity of the Union. These are the ‘hot politics’ that matter to ordinary citizens.

Von HÜgel: Philosophy and Spirituality

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Patrick Sherry
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Charismatic Movement ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Mystical Theology ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Middle Ages

One of the striking features of the last few years has been a re-awakening of interest in spirituality. Many new books on prayer have appeared, old classics of the spiritual life have been re-published, prayer groups have sprung up and the Charismatic Movement has become an important factor in many Christian communities. If the 1960s was the decade of secularism and ‘God is dead’, the 1970s may well go down in history as the decade of renascent spirituality. But this interest in spirituality has not, in general, gone hand in hand with a renewed interest in theology: indeed, in many cases I detect a positive hostility towards professional theologians (perhaps this is simply the latest exemplification of that separation of ascetical and mystical theology from dogmatics which has existed in Western Christianity since the Middle Ages). Still less has there been any link between this concern with spirituality and philosophy. And yet there are many important philosophical problems here: given that in a spiritual way of life men have certain experiences and are changed in various ways, what does this show?

scholarly journals Establishing transboundary tourist space in the Baltic Sea region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (Special Issue 1) ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
DENIS CERIĆ ◽  
MAREK WIĘCKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Cross Border Cooperation

Background: The Baltic Sea region has been an area of intense political, economic and cultural contacts since the early Middle Ages. However, it severely suffered both during the Second World War and in its aftermath through to 1989. Since the mid-1990s, initiatives, programs and organisations promoting cooperation in this region have been put in place, and, in line with the expansion of the European Union, there have been far more opportunities (both organisational and financial) for cross-border cooperation, including in a transboundary context. Material and methods: The main sources of data for quantitative analysis have been official reports of Interreg Programme projects in the Baltic Sea region, as given effect to in the period between 2007 and 2013. In turn, qualitative analysis has drawn on descriptions of selected projects, mainly in reports and on relevant websites. Results: This article acquaints the reader with issues underpinning cross-border cooperation in the transboundary context of the Baltic Sea region, focusing on key aspects relating to the establishment of transboundary tourist space. Several examples of EU co-financed cross-border cooperation in tourism are also presented in greater detail. Conclusions: The process of establishing transboundary tourist space across the Baltic Sea is seen to depend greatly on co-financing by the European Union. Such EU-backed projects serving the development of cross-border tourism in the transboundary context of the Baltic Sea region can be assigned to four groups entailing: (1) the integration of transport, (2) tourism management, (3) the generation of tourist products, and (4) the development of a regional identity. However, it is typical of these projects for cooperation in the development of tourist attractions and products to be led by entities from the more developed part of the region, which therefore receive more funding than partners’ beneficiaries from the Baltic’s less-developed part. Preliminary analysis thus suggests that EU projects may not necessarily help to even out differences, i.e. reduce disparities, between the “Old” and “New” EU, even if they may be significant in helping to combine potential.

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