scholarly journals Modeling Product Choices in a Peer Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Fang ◽  
Timothy J. Richards ◽  
Carola Grebitus
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Preference Reversal ◽  
Source Expertise ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Product Choices ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
Peer Nominations ◽  
To Receive

AbstractConsumers are uncertain about their preferences for innovative product attributes until the first trial. They search for information as a means of reducing uncertainty and improving the likelihood that they will be satisfied with their purchase. One way to receive information is through peer networks. As a peer network is often a priori unknown, we conduct an experiment to solicit self-reported peer nominations. We compare two mechanisms through which peer networks operate: Strength of social ties and perceived peer expertise, to draw inferences regarding consumers’ preference reversal after exposure to peer recommendations. Our results indicate that perceived source expertise influences preferences while the closeness of social relationships has no statistically significant impact.

scholarly journals Confirming Expectations in Asymmetric and Symmetric Social Hypothesis Testing

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Rusconi ◽  
Simona Sacchi ◽  
Armando Toscano ◽  
Paolo Cherubini
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Target Individual ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
To Receive

This article examines individuals’ expectations in a social hypothesis testing task. Participants selected questions from a list to investigate the presence of personality traits in a target individual. They also identified the responses that they expected to receive and the likelihood of the expected responses. The results of two studies indicated that when people asked questions inquiring about the hypothesized traits that did not entail strong a priori beliefs, they expected to find evidence confirming the hypothesis under investigation. These confirming expectations were more pronounced for symmetric questions, in which the diagnosticity and frequency of the expected evidence did not conflict. When the search for information was asymmetric, confirming expectations were diminished, likely as a consequence of either the rareness or low diagnosticity of the hypothesis-confirming outcome. We also discuss the implications of these findings for confirmation bias.

Arrested Friendships? Justice Involvement and Interpersonal Exclusion among Rural Youth

2021 ◽  
pp. 002242782110489
Author(s):  
Wade C. Jacobsen ◽  
Daniel T. Ragan ◽  
Mei Yang ◽  
Emily L. Nadel ◽  
Mark E. Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Labeling Theory ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Disadvantaged Youth ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Selection Mechanisms ◽  
To Receive

Objectives: We examine the impacts of adolescent arrest on friendship networks. In particular, we extend labeling theory by testing hypotheses for three potential mechanisms of interpersonal exclusion related to the stigma of arrest: rejection, withdrawal, and homophily. Method: We use longitudinal data on 48 peer networks from PROSPER, a study of rural youth followed through middle and high school. We test our hypotheses using stochastic actor–based models. Results: Our findings suggest that arrested youth are less likely to receive friendship ties from school peers and are also less likely to extend them. Moreover, these negative associations are attenuated by higher levels of risky behaviors among peers, suggesting that results are driven by exclusion from normative rather than nonnormative friendships. We find evidence of homophily on arrest but it appears to be driven by other selection mechanisms rather than a direct preference for similarity on arrest. Conclusions: Overall, our findings speak to how an arrest may foster social exclusion in rural schools, thereby limiting social capital for already disadvantaged youth.

Epidural Neostigmine versus Fentanyl to Decrease Bupivacaine Use in Patient-controlled Epidural Analgesia during Labor

2017 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Booth ◽  
Vernon H. Ross ◽  
Kenneth E. Nelson ◽  
Lynnette Harris ◽  
James C. Eisenach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Epidural Bupivacaine ◽  
American Society ◽  
American Society Of Anesthesiologists ◽  
Labor Epidural ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background The addition of opioids to epidural local anesthetic reduces local anesthetic consumption by 20% but at the expense of side effects and time spent for regulatory compliance paperwork. Epidural neostigmine also reduces local anesthetic use. The authors hypothesized that epidural bupivacaine with neostigmine would decrease total hourly bupivacaine use compared with epidural bupivacaine with fentanyl for patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Methods A total of 215 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II, laboring parturients requesting labor epidural analgesia consented to the study and were randomized to receive 0.125% bupivacaine with the addition of either fentanyl (2 μg/ml) or neostigmine (2, 4, or 8 μg/ml). The primary outcome was total hourly local anesthetic consumption, defined as total patient-controlled epidural analgesia use and top-ups (expressed as milliliters of 0.125% bupivacaine) divided by the infusion duration. A priori analysis determined a group size of 35 was needed to have 80% power at α = 0.05 to detect a 20% difference in the primary outcome. Results Of 215 subjects consented, 151 patients were evaluable. Demographics, maternal and fetal outcomes, and labor characteristics were similar among groups. Total hourly local anesthetic consumption did not differ among groups (P = 0.55). The total median hourly bupivacaine consumption in the fentanyl group was 16.0 ml/h compared with 15.3, 14.6, and 16.2 ml/h in the 2, 4, and 8 μg/ml neostigmine groups, respectively (P = 0.55). Conclusions The data do not support any difference in bupivacaine requirements for labor patient-controlled epidural analgesia whether patients receive epidural bupivacaine with 2 to 8 μg/ml neostigmine or epidural bupivacaine with 2 μg/ml fentanyl.

Kenya in the 2000s

Give and Take ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 130-161
Author(s):  
Nitsan Chorev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Local Quality ◽  
To Receive

This chapter looks at the conditions that led pharmaceutical manufacturers in Kenya to invest in the production of a broader range of drugs, and to improve quality standards beyond what was required by local regulations. It begins with the contentious negotiations over Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which resulted in donors providing to some developing countries not only markets, as they did in the 1980s, but also monitoring and mentoring. In Kenya, a new market of interest to local manufacturers, for anti-AIDS and antimalarial drugs, was created when the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria—among other donors—did not a priori exclude local manufacturers from tenders. To participate in these tenders, however, drugs manufacturers had to receive WHO prequalification (PQ) confirming that their drugs were produced following international, rather than only local, quality standards. This monitoring gave local producers an incentive to improve their manufacturing practices. In turn, development agencies offered training and other forms of mentoring—giving local producers the means to learn how to produce drugs following these higher quality standards.

Potential Security Issues in a Peer-to-Peer Network from a Database Perspective

2011 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Sridhar Asvathanarayanan
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Database Security ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Distributed Denial Of Service ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Peer To Peer Networks ◽  
Peer To Peer Network

Computing strategies have constantly undergone changes, from being completely centralized to client-servers and now to peer-to-peer networks. Databases on peer-to-peer networks offer significant advantages in terms of providing autonomy to data owners, to store and manage the data that they work with and, at the same time, allow access to others. The issue of database security becomes a lot more complicated and the vulnerabilities associated with databases are far more pronounced when considering databases on a peer-to-peer network. Issues associated with database security in a peer-to-peer environment could be due to file sharing, distributed denial of service, and so forth, and trust plays a vital role in ensuring security. The components of trust in terms of authentication, authorization, and encryption offer methods to ensure security.

Data Dissemination and Query Routing in Mobile Peer-to-Peer Networks

2010 ◽  
pp. 26-49
Author(s):  
Thomas Repantis ◽  
Vana Kalogeraki
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Query Routing ◽  
Data Propagation ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Peer To Peer Networks ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Peer To Peer Network

In this chapter the authors study the problems of data dissemination and query routing in mobile peerto- peer networks. They provide a taxonomy and discussion of existing literature, spanning overlay topologies, query routing, and data propagation. They proceed by proposing content-driven routing and adaptive data dissemination algorithms for intelligently routing search queries in a peer-to-peer network that supports mobile users. In the authors’ mechanism, nodes build content synopses of their data and adaptively disseminate them to their most appropriate peers. Based on the content synopses, a routing mechanism is being built, to forward the queries to those peers that have a high probability of providing the desired results. The authors provide an experimental evaluation of different dissemination strategies, which shows that content-driven routing and adaptive data dissemination is highly scalable and significantly improves resource usage.

Creating the Past: Schelling’s Ages of the World

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Welchman ◽  
Judith Norman
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hegelian Dialectic ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
The Creation ◽  
To Receive

AbstractF.W.J. Schelling’s Ages of the World has just begun to receive the critical attention it deserves as a contribution to the philosophy of history. Its most significant philosophical move is to pose the question of the origin of the past itself, asking what “caused” the past. Schelling treats the past not as a past present (something that used to be a ’now’ but no longer is) — but rather as an eternal past, a different dimension of time altogether, and one that was never a present ’now’. For Schelling, the past functions as the transcendental ground of the present, the true ’a priori’. Schelling’s account of the creation of this past takes the form of a theogeny: in order to exist, God needed to separate the past from the present. By grounding the creation of the past in a free decision of God, Schelling tries to conceptualize temporality so as to preserve the sort of radical contingency and authentic freedom that he considers essential features of history. In so doing, he opens up a way of viewing time that avoids the pitfalls of the Hegelian dialectic and anticipates some of the 20th century developments in phenomenology.

scholarly journals Intelligent Peer Networks for Collaborative Web Search

AI Magazine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Menczer ◽  
Le-Shin Wu ◽  
Ruj Akavipat
Keyword(s):  
Web Search ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Query Routing ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Knowledge Diversity ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Desktop Search

Collaborative query routing is a new paradigm for Web search that treats both established search engines and other publicly available indices as intelligent peer agents in a search network. The approach makes it transparent for anyone to build their own (micro) search engine, by integrating established Web search services, desktop search, and topical crawling techniques. The challenge in this model is that each of these agents must learn about its environment— the existence, knowledge, diversity, reliability, and trustworthiness of other agents — by analyzing the queries received from and results exchanged with these other agents. We present the 6S peer network, which uses machine learning techniques to learn about the changing query environment. We show that simple reinforcement learning algorithms are sufficient to detect and exploit semantic locality in the network, resulting in efficient routing and high-quality search results. A prototype of 6S is available for public use and is intended to assist in the evaluation of different AI techniques employed by the networked agents.

scholarly journals Individual parental conversations with non-birthing parents

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaretha Larsson ◽  
Irene Eriksson ◽  
Karin Johansson ◽  
Anna-Karin Stigsson ◽  
Rebecka Svahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Child Health Service ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
The Family ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Family Focus

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to describe Child Health Service (CHS) nurses’ experiences with conducting individual parental conversations (IPCs) with non-birthing parents. Background: CHS nurses in Sweden mainly focus on monitoring a child’s physical and mental development and the mothers’ health in order to support their parenthood. The assignment of the CHS includes identifying dysfunctional social relationships in a family and strengthening responsive parenting. An imbalance arises within the family when someone in the family suffers from illness, which could have a negative effect on the whole family’s health and well-being. Methods: An inductive, descriptive qualitative study design was used to describe and to gain an understanding of the CHS nurses’ experiences. Data were collected in 13 interviews, and a qualitative content analysis was performed. Findings: The analysis of interviews with CHS nurses resulted in two main categories, each with three subcategories. The main categories are: working for equality and applying a family focus, and dealing with challenges in the developing assignment. The IPCs stimulate the CHS nurses to work for more equality and to apply a family focus, which can be a way of strengthening the families’ health and the children’s upbringing. Developing the CHS nurses’ assignment can be a challenge that appears to entail positive outcomes for CHS nurses, while also generating the need for CHS nurses to receive supervision to find ways to improve their approach and practice.

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