Selected Properties of Parallel Strand Lumber Made from Southern Pine and Yellow-Poplar

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Liu ◽  
A.W.C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Average Modulus ◽  
Parallel Strand Lumber

Summary This study was conducted to explore basic physical and mechanical properties of parallel strand lumber (PSL) made exclusively from southern pine and yellow-poplar, respectively, and to examine their relationships using statistical analysis. Small specimens were prepared from commercial southern pine PSL and yellow-poplar PSL billets and tested for specific gravity, moisture content, dimensional stability, bending properties, shear strength and compressive strength. Results indicate average specific gravity of southern pine PSL is higher than that of yellow-poplar PSL, while their average moisture content and dimensional stability are very similar. Southern pine PSL has higher average modulus of elasticity but lower average modulus of rupture than yellow-poplar PSL. While average longitudinal shear strength does not exhibit differences between southern pine PSL and yellow-poplar PSL, average compressive strength of southern pine PSL is higher than that of yellow-poplar PSL. There are positive correlations among modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and specific gravity. PSL improves some properties of solid wood from which PSL is made.

Influence of Moisture Content in some Mechanical Properties of Two Brazilian Tropical Wood Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz A. Melgaço N. Branco ◽  
Eduardo Chahud ◽  
André Luis Christoforo ◽  
Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr ◽  
Rosane A.G. Battistelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Tropical Wood ◽  
Fiber Saturation ◽  
Brazilian Standard

This study aimed, with the aid of analysis of variance (ANOVA), to investigate and quantify the influence of moisture ranging between 12% and over 30% (fiber saturation) on the mechanical properties: strength and modulus of elasticity in compression and in tension parallel to grain; modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in static bending; shear strength parallel to grain considering wood species Ipê (Tabebuia sp) and Angelim Araroba (Vataireopsis araroba). Tests were performed according to the assumptions and calculating methods Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190, Anexx B, totalizing 400 tests. Results of ANOVA revealed a significant reduction (16% on average) for mechanical properties wood due to the increase in moisture content from 12% to over 30% (fiber saturation). The same behavior also occurred when assembly containing the two species was considered.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Limbah Nikel Sebagai Material Subtitusi Agregat Kasar Pada Beton K.250

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muhsar ◽  
Abdul Kadir ◽  
Sulaiman Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Concrete Compressive Strength ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete

The purpose of this study was to Analyze the characteristics of theaggregates used in concrete mixtures and analyze how muchincrease in compressive strength of concrete with a variation ofnickel slag substitution 0%, 5%, 15%, 25% compared with normalconcrete. The characteristics of the material examined are watercontent, sludge content, specific gravity and absorption, volumeweight, abrasion with los angeles machines, and filter analysis.While the large increase in compressive strength of concrete can betested at the age of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 35 days. From the results of the analysis of the characteristics of nickel slagwaste in concrete mixes meet the test standards in concretemixtures, with a moisture content of 0.86%, sludge content of 0.44%,specific gravity of 2.94 gr / cm3, volume weight of 1.76 gr / cm3,abrasion 36.07%. And a large increase in compressive strength ofconcrete with a variation of nickel slag substitution of 0%, 5%, 15%,25% compared to normal concrete is increasing. The highestpercentage increase in concrete compressive strength is found inconcrete compressive strength between a variation of 15% with avariation of 25% at 14 days concrete age, with a percentage increasein value of 13.13%.

scholarly journals Physical and mechanical properties of impregnated polystyrene jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) glulam

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
Y S Hadi ◽  
E N Herliyana ◽  
I M Sulastiningsih ◽  
E Basri ◽  
R Pari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Anthocephalus Cadamba

Abstract Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) laminas were impregnated with polystyrene and reached 21.2% polymer loading. The laminas were manufactured for three-layer glued laminated timber (glulam) using isocyanate glue with glue spread 280 g/m2 and cold-press process. For comparison purposes, untreated glulam as control and also solid wood were prepared. The physical-mechanical properties were evaluated according to the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the color of glulam was not different from polystyrene glulam. The density of polystyrene glulam was higher than untreated glulam and solid wood, but the moisture content was lower than the other. The product kinds of solid wood, untreated glulam, and polystyrene glulam did not affect shear strength and modulus of rupture (MOR), while the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of untreated glulam and hardness of polystyrene glulam were the highest values and the other products were not different one each other. Both kinds of glulam fulfilled the Japanese standard in terms of moisture content, MOR, and delamination in hot water, but MOE and shear strength did not. Regarding its advantages, polystyrene glulam could be further developed using a higher wood density.

scholarly journals PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS E MECÂNICAS DA MADEIRA DE Toona ciliata EM DIFERENTES IDADES

FLORESTA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Leite Braz ◽  
José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Marina Donária Chaves Arantes ◽  
Brunela Pollastrelli Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
High Mechanical Strength ◽  
Anisotropic Factor ◽  
Toona Ciliata ◽  
Wood Resistance

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a madeira de árvores de Toona ciliata (cedro australiano) aos 6, 12 e 18 anos de idade, provenientes de um plantio florestal na região de Venda Nova do Imigrante, ES. Foram avaliadas as propriedades físicas quanto à densidade básica e à retratibilidade e as propriedades mecânicas quanto à resistência à compressão axial e ao módulo de ruptura e módulo de elasticidade à flexão estática da madeira. Foram utilizadas três árvores para cada idade, das quais foram retiradas toras, que foram desdobradas em pranchas radiais para retirada de corpos de prova, ensaiados de acordo com as normas MB 26/40 (ABNT, 1940) e NBR 7190 (1997). Observou-se o aumento da densidade básica e a redução das contrações tangencial e volumétrica e do fator anisotrópico em função do aumento da idade. O uso da madeira deve ser limitado em situações que exijam elevada resistência mecânica e na fabricação de produtos com elevada estabilidade dimensional. Deve-se optar por árvores com idades superiores, viabilizando a aplicabilidade da madeira com qualidade para diversos fins.Palavras-chave: Cedro australiano; resistência da madeira; estabilidade dimensional. AbstractPhysical and mechanical properties of wood of Toona ciliata at different ages. The objective of the present study was to characterize the wood of trees Toona ciliata at 6, 12 and 18 years old, coming from forest plantations in the region of Venda Nova do Imigrante at Espírito Santo State in Brazil. We evaluated the physical properties as the specific gravity and shrinkage, and the mechanical parameters in relation to the compressive strength and modulus of rupture and elasticity in static bending. We use tree logs that were sawed and prepared the samples for analysis according to standards MB 26/40 (ABNT, 1940) e NBR 7190 (1997). We observed an increase in specific gravity and decrease of tangential and volumetric shrinkages and the anisotropic factor with the increase for the age. The use of this wood should be limited in situations which high mechanical strength is required and manufacture of products with high dimensional stability. We should opt for more aged trees, allowing the applicability of quality wood for various purposes.Keywords: Australian cedar; wood resistance; dimensional stability.

scholarly journals Softening Behaviour of Indonesian Wood Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Wahyu Dwianto ◽  
Ikuho Iida ◽  
Kazuya Minato
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Softening Behaviour

This paper deals with softening behaviour measurements of Indonesian wood species by static bending tests. Wood samples with a size of 110mm (R) x 10mm (T) x 4mm (L) were bending tested in air-dry at 20°C and 65% relative humidity (RH), in water saturation at 20°C, and in water saturation at 80°C to know the decreasing of modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) due to moisture content (MC) and both moisture content and temperature (MCT) changes. The wood samples represented Randu (Bombax ceiba. L) as the lowest specific gravity, i.e. 0.27 to Lamtoro (Leucaena glauca (Willd) Benth) as the highest specific gravity, i.e. 0.81. The three-point static bending test was carried out by a mechanical testing machine with a load capacity of 100kgf, loading deflection speed of 5mm/min, a span distance of 80mm at a room with a temperature of 20°C and 65% RH for air-dry wood samples, and that for wet wood samples were conducted in a water bath at 20°C (change in MC) and 80°C (change in MCT), respectively. MOE and MOR increased linearly with specific gravity regardless of wood species. On the other hand, maximum deflection did not correlate with specific gravity for any MCT conditions. The relative MOE and MOR which were calculated in wet 20°C to air-dry were affected from hardly to strongly depending on the wood species. Meanwhile, they decreased extremely when saturated in water at 80°C regardless of wood species. The relative MOE and MOR due to the change in MC or MCT was independent of specific gravity, as well. Furthermore, chemical compositions of the wood species were analysed to clarify the main factors that affected the decreasing of MOE and MOR due to MC and MCT changes. The results showed that the percentage of lignin and hemicelluloses in each wood played an important role in decreasing the static bending properties. Relative MOE and MOR decreased with increasing lignin and hemicellulose contents. It can be concluded that the hygrothermal properties of lignin and hemicelluloses significantly affect the changes of elastic and strength properties of wood in softening conditions.

Mechanical properties of Ficus vallis-choudae (Delile), a lesser utilized species in Nigeria

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6550-6560
Author(s):  
Lawrence Aguda ◽  
Babatunde Ajayi ◽  
Sylvester Areghan ◽  
Yetunde Olayiwola ◽  
Aina Kehinde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Impact Bending ◽  
Timber Market

Declining availability of the prime economic species in the Nigerian timber market has led to the introduction of Lesser-Used Species (LUS) as alternatives. Their acceptability demands information on the technical properties of their wood. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of Ficus vallis-choudae to determine its potential for timber. Three mature Ficus vallis-choudae trees were selected and harvested from a free forest area in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from the base (10%), middle (50%), and top (90%) along the sampling heights of each tree, which was further partitioned into innerwood, centrewood, and outerwood across the sampling radial position. Investigations were carried out to determine the age, density, moisture content, impact strength, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, compressive strength parallel-to-grain, and shear strength parallel-to-grain. The mean impact bending strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, maximum shear strength parallel-to-grain, and maximum compression strength parallel-to-grain for Ficus vallis-choudae at 12% moisture content were 20.4 N/mm2, 85.8 N/mm2, 709 N/mm2, 10.7 N/mm2, and 33.6 N/mm2, respectively. The study found the species to be dense with high strength properties in comparison with well-known timbers used for constructional purposes.

Studi Pengaruh Abu Batu Bata terhadap SifatFisik dan Mekanik Lempung Terstabilisasi Kapur dari Kecamatan Tenayan Raya

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Soewignjo Agus Nugroho ◽  
Ferry Fatnanta ◽  
Giri Prayoga
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Compression Strength ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Setup Time ◽  
Unconfined Compression Strength ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Optimal Moisture Content

Tenayan Raya Subdistrict is an area that has a thickness of soft clay layer. Some cases of building failure were cracks and tilts due to high shrinkage of soil. Nearby is also a brick home industry center, where ashes are produced from bricks burning. Soil Improvement of Tenayan-Raya's Clay and utilization of brick ash will be carried out in this research. This study aims to stabilize the soil with lime and utilize the brick ash to improve shear strength and bearing capacity of the soil. The study was conducted in the laboratory by making several combinations of content clay, lime, and Brick Ash (BA), for the soil mixture which will be added with 10% ash brick. The effect of curing and soaked will also be seen for its rising on soil properties of Unconfined Compression Strength, and CBR laboratories. The influence of water will also be reviewed on the dry side, optimal moisture content, and wet side. The test results show that the Soil has Low Plasticity soil type category CL-ML symbols, according to the Unified classification. Increasing of strength due to stabilization with lime is obtained in conditions of water in optimal moisture content, where the addition of lime is 10% and 10% brick ash, was produced to increase the maximum value of Unconfined Compression Strength and CBR laboratory value. Curing setup time and saturation (soaked) also had affect the value of Unconfined Compressive Strength and CBR laboratory test. At longer time for curing, shear strength will rise proved by the value of UCS Test andbearing capacity value also increase that can be seen of the laboratory CBR test. Curing will make the shrinkage of clay reduced, this can be proven from differences value of Unconfined Compressive strength test between samples with and without soaked, are relatively small. 

SIFAT FISIK DAN KEKUATAN MEKANIK KAYU AKASIA MANGIUM (Acacia mangium Willd) DARI HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Effendi Arsad
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Parallel Fibers ◽  
Dry Air

Acacia Mangium wood can to used for substitution comercial wood. Materiel Acacia mangium woods  was take from HTI at  seven age with diameter   30 – 33 cm.   The results Physical properties and mechanical strength obtained by the water content of dry air from 13.78 to 14.89%; density of 0.60 to 0.62 gr/cm3; specific gravity of 0.59 to 0.61; compressive strength parallel fibers from 319.54 to 361.70 Kg/cm2; compressive strength perpendicular to fiber 117-197 kg/cm2; bending strength (MOR) from 509.25 to 680.50 kg/cm2; cleave strength 80.25 to 110.90 kg/cm2; tensile strength of 98.27 to  133.03 kg/cm2; shear strength of parallel fiber from 93.53 to 149.43 kg/cm2 and hardness from 453 to 565 kg/cm2.  Physical properties and mechanical  strenght  can was  standard  for furniture and  construction.Keywords: acacia mangium wood, physical  and mechanical  wood

Pengaruh Klasifikasi Batang Aren dengan Pengawetan Asam Borat Rendaman Panas-Dingin untuk Bahan Bangunan

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Petrus Patandung
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
Two Phases

Classification Effect of palm trunks with boric acid pickling hot-cold baths for building materials has been carried out. The purpose of this study is to utilize palm trunks that are not productive to Classification of building materials and do preservation for durability and can be used as building materials. Research conducted two phases: the first to determine that the palm trunk Classification length: 1.5, 2 or 3.5, 2.5 or 6 and 3 meters or 9 meters from the base of the palm trunk and Phase II to preserve palm trunks or test sample using boric acid preservative with concentrations: 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8% as well as preservation method with hot-cold baths. The study was repeated 2 (two) times.Results showed treatment of hot-cold baths hard parts, among others; 12.20 -19.88% moisture content, specific gravity value of  0,48-0.68, compressive strength parallel to the fiber 155-280 kg/cm2, the compressive strength perpendicular to the fiber of 100-125 kg/cm2.retention 1,05- 8.00 kg/m3, the penetration from 80.43 to 93.45%, and the soft water content from 14.13 to 20.93%, the value of density 0,27- 0.40. Compressive strength parallel to the fiber 98.5-112 kg/cm2, the compressive strength perpendicular to the fiber 58-108 kg/cm2,the retention of 0.7 to 4.61kg/m3 and penetration 75.88 to81.93%. Best research results obtained in the first test sample with a length of 1.5 meters from the base of a palm trunk  using boric acid preservative 8% ie hot-cold baths because it produces compressive strength parallel to the fiber of the highest type of 0.68 and can meet the standards.ABSTRAKPengaruh klasifikasi batang aren  dengan pengawetan asam borat rendaman panas-dingin untuk bahan bangunan telah dilaksanakan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memanfaatkan batang aren yang tidak produktif dengan melakukan klasifikasimenjadi bahan bangunan dan melakukan pengawetan agar tahan lama serta  dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bangunan. Penelitian dilaksanakan 2 tahap yaitu tahap I untuk menentukan klasifikasi batang aren yaitu dengan ukuran panjang:  1,5, 2  atau 3,5, 2,5  atau 6 dan 3 meter atau 9 meter dari dasar batang aren dan Tahap II untuk mengawetkan batang aren atau contoh uji yang  menggunakan bahan pengawet asam borat dengan konsentrasi : 1, 2, 4, 6 dan 8 % serta menggunakan metode pengawetan dengan rendaman panas-dingin. Penelitian diulang 2 (dua) kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan rendaman panas-dingin bagian keras antara lain; kadar air 12,20 -19,88 %, nilai berat jenis 0,48- 0,68, kuat tekan sejajar serat 155-280 kg/cm2, kuat tekan tegak lurus serat 100-125 kg/cm2, retensi 1,05-8,00 kg/m3, penetrasi 80,43 - 93,45 %, dan bagian lunak kadar air 14,13 - 20,93%, nilai berat jenis 0,27- 0,40, kuat tekan sejajar serat 98,50 -112kg/cm2, kuat tekan tegak lurus serat 58-108 kg/cm2, retensi 0,76-4,61 kg/m3 dan penetrasi 75,88-81,93 %.Hasil penelitian yang terbaik diperoleh pada contoh uji I dengan ukuran panjang 1,5 meter dari dasar batang aren yang  menggunakan bahan pengawet asam borat  8% yaitu rendaman panas-dingin karena menghasilkan kuat tekan sejajar serat yang tertinggi yaitu sebesar 280 kg/cm2, berat jenis 0,68 dan retensi sebesar 8,00 kg/m3 dan dapat memenuhi standar mutu kayu bangunan. Kata Kunci : batang aren, pengawetan, asam borat,kuat tekan,retensi.

Estimating mechanical properties and specific gravity for five-year-old Eucalyptus tereticornis having broad moisture content range by NIR spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal Kothiyal ◽  
Aasheesh Raturi
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Eucalyptus Tereticornis ◽  
Least Squares Regression

Abstract Near infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis has been used to predict the specific gravity, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and fiber stress at elastic limit in bending tests on radial and tangential strip wood samples obtained from five-year-old Eucalyptus tereticornis. Moisture content of samples was 6–21% for bending test and 7–16% for specific gravity. Partial least squares regression calibrations were developed for each wood property. Calibrations had good relationships between values measured in laboratory and NIR predicted values obtained from small clear samples. The coefficient of determination (R2) for calibration ranged from 0.76 to 0.83 and for prediction (Rp 2) it was between 0.58 and 0.77. Both radial and tangential faces are equally suited for calibration (for radial face R2 was 0.77–0.83 and for tangential it was 0.76–0.83). Standard errors of predictions were slightly higher compared to standard error of calibration.

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