Association between vitamin D deficiency and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in female population: a systematic review

AbstractBackgroundThe increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) especially in female population, has become a major problem in health care systems. In this regards, it is necessary to identify the risk factors. Vitamin D deficiency is now proposed as one of the possible risk factors for metabolic syndrome, we investigated the relationship between vitamin D status and MS in female.MethodsWe searched observational studies with keywords Vitamin D, metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome X, insulin-resistance syndrome, metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and Reaven Syndrome X and female in pubmed, scopus, science direct, cochrane, web of science, google scholar and SID databases, regardless of publication time. Two hundred ninety five studies were found, and finally only 12 articles were selected according to exclusion and inclusion criteria.ResultsIn nine studies that reported the prevalence of MS, the prevalence of MS among women with vitamin D deficiency was higher than female with normal vitamin D (34.5 vs. 30.2%). The prevalence of abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high TG and HDL deficiency is higher in women with vitamin D deficiency. Also, the mean waist circumference, blood pressure, fast blood sugar (FBS), TG and BMI were higher. The most incident factor was high blood pressure (61.4 vs. 56.5%) and the lowest prevalence is associated with high FBS (32.2 vs. 33.5% in the other group).ConclusionThe prevalence of MS is significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency, and among related factors, HDL, TG and blood pressure are statistically associated with vitamin D status.

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Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrome ‘X’?

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19980055 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 79 (4) ◽

pp. 315-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 148

Author(s):

B. J. Boucher

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Insulin Secretion ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Syndrome X ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Increased Risk

Environmental factors are important in the aetiology of glucose intolerance, type II diabetes and IHD. The lack of vitamin D, which is necessary for adequate insulin secretion, relates demographically to increased risk of myocardial infarction. These disorders are connected, degenerative vascular disease increasing with glucose intolerance and diabetes and, with its risk factors, comprising syndrome ‘X’. Evidence is presented suggesting that vitamin D deficiency may be an avoidable risk factor for syndrome ‘X’, adding another preventative measure to current recommendations which are aimed at reducing the worldwide epidemic of these disorders. Experimentally, vitamin D deficiency progressively reduces insulin secretion; glucose intolerance follows and becomes irreversible. Relationships between vitamin D status, glucose tolerance and 30 min insulin secretion during oral glucose tolerance tests are reported in British Asians; insulin secretion, but not glycaemia, improving with short-term supplementation. Studies showing reduction in blood pressure and in risk of heart attack and diabetes with exercise (usually outdoor), rarely consider the role of vitamin D status. Glycaemia and insulin secretion in elderly European men, however, relate to vitamin D status, independent of season or physical activity. Prolonged supplementation can improve glycaemia. Hypertension improves with vitamin D treatment with or without initial deficiency. Vitamin D status and climate are reviewed as risk factors for myocardial infarction; the risk reducing with altitude despite increasing cold. Glycaemia and fibrinogenaemia improve and insulin secretion increases in summer. Variation in vitamin D requirements could arise from genetic differences in vitamin D processing since bone density can vary with vitamin D-receptor genotype. Vitamin D receptors are present in islet β cells and we report insulin secretion in healthy Asians differing profoundly with the Apa I genotype, being independent of vitamin D status. Those at risk of vitamin D deficiency include the elderly, those living indoors or having a covered-up style of dress, especially dark-skinned immigrants, and pregnant women, and these are groups recognized as being at increased risk of diabetes.

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Vitamin D Deficiency Induces High Blood Pressure and Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Mice

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0054625 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. e54625 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Sherry Weng ◽

Jennifer E. Sprague ◽

Jisu Oh ◽

Amy E. Riek ◽

Kathleen Chin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

High Blood Pressure

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Assessment of risk factors associated with vitamin D status among children of an urban and a rural areas of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v46i2.49024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 134-141

Author(s):

Anamika Saha ◽

Md Salim Shakur ◽

Runa Laila ◽

Salomee Shakur ◽

Md Sohel Shomik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Urban Children ◽

Outpatient Department ◽

P Value ◽

Rural Children ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Factors Associated

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiency in children worldwide, even in Bangladesh. However, to date, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children of different region of Bangladesh is less reported. Objective: This study was conducted to assess vitamin D status of urban and rural Bangladeshi children including the risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency are also evaluated. Methods: A multi-centre (urban and rural based), cross sectional study was done from July 2016 to June 2017, using serum 25(OH) vitamin D3 as a marker of nutritional vitamin D status. Urban and rural children were taken from Paediatric Outpatient Department, United Hospital Limited. Dhaka and Medical Outpatient Department, Upazila Health Complex, Ghatail, Tangail respectively. Children of 1-10 years age attending OPD with mild undernutrition (<–1 SD z score) and/or clinical features suggestive of vitamin D deficiency were included in the study. Results: A total 150 children were studied with 102 (68.0%) urban and 48 (32.0%) rural children. Hypovitaminosis D (25-OHD <30ng/ml) was found in 75.0% of children. Hypovitaminosis D was found significantly more in urban children (81.0%) compared to rural (62.0%) children (OR=0.382, 95% CI: 0.177-0.822, p value <0.05). Inadequate exposure to sunlight was significantly associated with hypovitaminosis D compared to adequate sun exposure and it was about 2.5 times higher (OR=2.475, 95% CI: 1.139-5.380, p value <0.05). No significant associations of vitamin D deficiency were detected with skin color of children, covering clothes of mother, exclusive breast feeding, limb pain and anthropometric status. Children of higher educated mother (above Secondary School Certificate) (OR=0.412, 95% CI: 0.189-0.900) were more associated with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent among Bangladeshi children, urban children being more vulnerable to VDD. Adoption of a screening programme for children of all age group and implementation of preventive strategies for VDD through public health policies are strongly recommended. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2020; 46(2): 134-141

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Vitamin D status and its associations with components of metabolic syndrome in healthy children

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2013-0495 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (5-6) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ali Awsat Mellati ◽

Faranak Sharifi ◽

Soghrat Faghihzade ◽

Seyed Akbar Mousaviviri ◽

Hosain Chiti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Serum

AbstractHigh prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency has been reported in populations of different countries. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence and association of vitamin D status with components of metabolic syndrome.Lipid profile indices, anthropometric indices [body mass index and waist circumference (WC)], insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), C-reactive protein, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration were evaluated in 297 healthy schoolchildren aged 7–11 years. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine independent predictors associated with low serum 25(OH)D concentrations.The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 14.12±8.20 ng/mL (35.3±20.5 nmol/L); 96% of children had low serum 25(OH)D levels, 31.0% were deficient, and 65.0% had insufficient levels of 25(OH)D. Vitamin D deficiency was higher in girls (χThe prevalence of low vitamin D level in the studied healthy children was high and it is correlated with some components of metabolic syndrome. Outdoor activity for optimum sun exposure and additional studies are needed to evaluate the underlying metabolic syndrome components and hypovitaminosis D complications.

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Dietary Vitamin D Restriction in Pregnant Female Mice Is Associated With Maternal Hypertension and Altered Placental and Fetal Development

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2012-2270 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 154 (7) ◽

pp. 2270-2280 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Nancy Q. Liu ◽

Yi Ouyang ◽

Yasemin Bulut ◽

Venu Lagishetty ◽

Shiao Y. Chan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽

Placental Development ◽

Maternal Hypertension ◽

Pregnant Mice ◽

Deficient Mice

Abstract Epidemiology has linked vitamin D deficiency with preeclampsia in humans. We hypothesized that low vitamin D status in pregnant mice may lead to symptoms of preeclampsia. Female BL6 mice were raised on vitamin D-sufficient or -deficient diets from weeks 4 of age and then mated with vitamin D-sufficient BL6 males at week 8. The resulting pregnant mice were either allowed to deliver pups and monitored for blood pressure (BP) and weight of offspring or euthanized at day 14 or 18 of gestation (E14 or E18) for analysis of serum, placental/kidney tissues, and fetuses. At E14 serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (30.1 ± 5.0 vs 1.8 ± 0.6 ng/mL, P < .001) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (119.5 ± 18.7 vs 37.4 ± 5.1 pg/mL, P < .01) were higher in sufficient vs deficient pregnant mice. At E14 BP was significantly elevated in vitamin D-deficient pregnant mice relative to vitamin D-sufficient mice for both systolic BP (124.89 ± 2.28 vs 105.34 ± 3.61 mm Hg, P < .001) and mean arterial pressure (115.33 ± 1.93 vs 89.33 ± 5.02 mm Hg, P < .001). This elevation continued through pregnancy until 7 days postpartum (PP7) but returned to baseline by PP14. Analysis of maternal kidneys showed increased expression of mRNA for renin and the angiotensin II receptor (3- and 4-fold, respectively) in vitamin D-deficient vs -sufficient mice at E14. Histological analysis of E14 placentas from vitamin D-deficient mice showed decreased vascular diameter within the labyrinth region. E14 and E18 fetuses from vitamin D-deficient mice were larger than those from vitamin D-sufficient mothers. However, by PP14 pups from vitamin D-deficient mothers weighed significantly less than those from vitamin D-sufficient mothers. Resupplementation of vitamin D periconceptually partially reversed the effects of vitamin D deficiency. These data provide further evidence that low vitamin D status may predispose pregnant women to dysregulated placental development and elevated blood pressure.

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Vitamin D Status and Its Associated Risk Factors among Adults in the Southwest Region of Cameroon

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2018/4742574 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Delphine A. Tangoh ◽

Tobias O. Apinjoh ◽

Yasir Mahmood ◽

Robert V. Nyingchu ◽

Beatrice A. Tangunyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

West Region ◽

South West ◽

Study Population ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

South West Region

Background. Vitamin D has been shown to exert its actions on the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, prostate, renal, endocrine, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Current reported data of hypovitaminosis D reveals a global pandemic, with an estimated one billion people worldwide presenting with hypovitaminosis D. Objective. This study aimed at investigating the vitamin D status and its associated risk factors in Cameroonians from the South West Region. Method. The study was a community- and hospital-based prospective longitudinal study. It was carried out during the dry and rainy seasons between the months of July and December 2015 in the South West Region of Cameroon involving 372 participants aged 35 years and above. After obtaining informed consent, a structured questionnaire was used to capture demographic data and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency. Blood samples were collected from the volunteer participants in the peak months of the rainy season and dry season, and the serum used to analyse for vitamin D by ELISA and calcium by spectrophotometry. 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/L (≥30 ng/mL) were considered sufficient while levels <75 nmol/L were considered as hypovitaminosis D (insufficiency/deficiency). Results. Hypovitaminosis D (deficiency/insufficiency) was prevalent in 25.8% (96) of the study population, with only 3.2% (12) deficiency and 22.6% (84) insufficiency. There was a significant inverse relationship r=−0.119,p=0.02 between age and 25(OH)D levels; however, this relationship was not significant when controlled for gender, number of hours spent outdoors, and percentage of body covered. Gender, ethnic origin, percentage of body covered, time spent outdoors, and season did not influence serum vitamin D levels. Conclusion. Results of this study suggest that the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is relatively low in this study population and only age is a risk factor of vitamin D deficiency.

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The Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Women of Reproductive Age in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Clinical Medicine Insights Women s Health ◽

10.1177/1179562x18767884 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 1179562X1876788 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Riyadh A Alzaheb

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Vitamin D deficiency is currently a worldwide epidemic. Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia, have high vitamin D deficiency prevalence, most prominently among women, despite their plentiful year-round sunshine. Previous research investigating vitamin D status among Saudi women of reproductive age (15-49 years) is scarce, and no study has used a nationally representative sample, so this review quantified overall hypovitaminosis D prevalence among women in Saudi Arabia and explored the associated risk factors. The Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline databases were searched for prior studies in Saudi Arabia exploring vitamin D status among women of reproductive age, published between January 1, 2000 and May 25, 2017. Data were extracted from the identified studies, and a random effects model meta-analysis established the overall hypovitaminosis D prevalence. The initial search yielded 223 possibly relevant articles; 13 were confirmed as eligible, with samples totaling 2877 women aged between 15 and 49 years. Meta-analysis revealed a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D, level of 13.1 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.6-14.6) and an overall prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, defined as 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL, of 77.4% (95% CI: 63.2-87.3), mostly due to insufficient sunlight exposure and low dietary vitamin D intake. There is therefore a need for a national strategy to raise vitamin D levels among women in Saudi Arabia by advising them on natural vitamin D sources, and recommending the timing and duration of sun exposure, while also defining a national approach to vitamin D fortification and supplementation.

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Vitamin D status and risk factors among pregnancy of shanghai in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-244871/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

chun yang ◽

Jing Wu ◽

Sheng Ge ◽

Wenguang Sun

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Low Density ◽

Vitamin D Status

Abstract Background This study was to assess vitamin D nutritional status and risk factors among pregnancy of shanghai in China. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in the Sixth Affiliated People’s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All pregnancy was measured for plasma vitamin D, total blood cholesterol (TCh), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and triglycerides, and completed OGTTs test. Age, height, and weight variables came from their electronic medical records. Criteria for vitamin D status were: <12 ng/ml: severe deficiency; 12–19 ng/ml: deficiency; 20–29 ng/ml: insufficiency; 30–50 ng/ml: normal; and > 50 ng/ml (particularly > 60 ng/ml): possibly leading to adverse effects. Vitamin D was measured from December 2016 to April 2017. Results Our study included 953 pregnant women. The mean vitamin D level of pregnancy was 16.06 (range 10.90 to 20.60) ng/ml,and severe vitamin D deficiency was 31.79%(303); vitamin D deficiency was 40.71 %(388); vitamin D insufficiency was 25.08%(239); normal vitamin D was 2.42%(23). Vitamin D deficiency risk factors were age over 30, parity over 2, overweight, obese, gestational diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia. Conclusions It is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency of Chinese pregnancy in shanghai. Aging more than 30 years, the parity of more than 2, overweight and obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia are risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. Public health strategies should focus on the population of pregnancy in shanghai in China.

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Association between vitamin D deficiency and the risk factors for metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

Maturitas ◽

10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.03.224 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 185-186

Author(s):

Eneida Schmitt ◽

Jorge Nahas-Neto ◽

Flavia Bueloni-Dias ◽

Priscila Poloni ◽

Ana Laura Lucca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Postmenopausal Women

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A Clinical Analysis of Vitamin D Status in Patients Before Spinal Surgery

International Surgery ◽

10.9738/intsurg-d-16-00102.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 101 (7-8) ◽

pp. 367-374

Author(s):

Qingqing Li ◽

Jianwei Zhang ◽

Jian Chen ◽

Jin Fan ◽

Tao Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Spinal Surgery ◽

Smoking Habit ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Clinical Analysis ◽

Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Factors Associated

The goal of this paper was to study preoperative concentrations of vitamin D in patients undergoing spinal surgery and analyze relevant risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining normal functions of skeletal muscles, and vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency may affect outcomes of spinal surgery patients. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 503 patients undergoing spinal surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University from September 2012 to October 2013. Preoperative concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured. Normal vitamin D was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level ≥ 32 ng/mL, vitamin D insufficiency as ≥20 and <32 ng/mL, and vitamin D deficiency as <20 ng/mL. Relevant risk factors associated with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were analyzed. In 503 spinal surgery patients, rate of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was 71.4% and 23.9%. Rate of vitamin D deficiency in female patients was significantly higher than that in male (P < 0.001). Rate of vitamin D deficiency in patients with high body mass index (P = 0.009) or patients with smoking habit (P < 0.001) was much higher than other patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that female (P < 0.001), smoking (P = 0.005), and winter (P = 0.001) were potential risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. Screening preoperative vitamin D status and relevant treatment should be reinforced in spine surgery patients.

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