Notstand und Sachverstand

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-442
Author(s):  
Stefanie Middendorf
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The First World War ◽  
State Finance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Abstract In the aftermath of the First World War, the Weimar Republic found itself in financial disarray. Originally put forward by the antirepublican right, the idea of a forced loan emerged. The idea triggered harsh controversies regarding the shortfalls in the new state’s sovereignty and its lack of fiscal power within the framework of an international order. The conflicting images of the Weimar state effected the decisions finally taken. This article argues that a rhetoric of emergency was combined with notions of the expert as an apolitical figure in order to legitimize compulsory lending. Yet, contrary to contemporary perceptions, the Weimar forced loan was not a result of governmental impotence or an exceptional incident within the history of public finance. As a political tool, it helped to solve conflicts on the national as well as the international level, if only for a short period of time. As an instrument of state finance, it was not an act of failure to still fiscal needs the ‚normal way‘ but a conscious claim for the autonomy of the Weimar state. But the conviction that compulsory loans might be a legitimate element of fiscal politics under the auspices of a strong and well-informed state emerged only with the Second World War – in Germany as well as on an international level.

The Origins of the Second World War

1963 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-508
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Sontag
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alliance System ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Scholarly histories of the origins of the First World War began to appear within a few years of the close of hostilities. A dozen years later, the magisterial studies by Sidney B. Fay and Bernadotte E. Schmitt had appeared in this country, and comparable works had been completed by European scholars. It is now eighteen years since V E Day, but no studies comparable to Fay or Schmitt have appeared. In part this contrast is explained by the slowness with which the diplomatic papers concerning the years from 1919 to 1939 are being made available. Far more important, however, is the fact that scholars do not believe that a history of the origins of the Second World War can be written with substantial completeness from diplomatic records. In their studies of the years before 1914, Fay and Schmitt did consider subjects like nationalism and imperialism, but the thread that holds their story together is the history of negotiations between governments, and in particular the history of the European alliance system.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Economic Situation of Tyrol, Austria in Three Key Periods: 1908-1913, 1945-1950 and 2008-2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Dirk-Hinnerk Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World ◽  
Exclusive Focus

AbstractThe development of a formerly poor state in a great European power to a rich state in a small European country is remarkable. But the interest of this article is mainly on the methodology which is based on the exclusive focus on three key periods in the history of the observed region. This methodology leads to a very specific understanding of development and economic growth. The periods chosen in this example are the five years before the First World War, as it was a period of development and growth that in the end led to the fundamental crisis in the 20th century. The second period consists of five years following the Second World War. This period was crucial, as many fundamental developments were laid in this time. The final period begins with another big economic crisis in 2008. The selection is based on three rationales. First, it allows a comparison of how the population deals with crisis. Second, it provides a cross-section of over hundred years, and third, the topicality of these years increase the relevance of the paper.

scholarly journals Dowód osobisty wzór 1928 – koncepcja, realizacja i przemiany

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 189-202
Author(s):  
Marian Łomnicki
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Document Design ◽  
National Identification ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

W artykule omówiono historię wprowadzenia na ziemiach polskich w okresie po pierwszej wojnie światowej dokumentu poświadczającego tożsamość – dowodu osobistego. Szczegółowej analizie poddano formularz uchwalony rozporządzeniem Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej z 16 marca 1928 r. O ewidencji i kontroli ruchu ludności, czyli ogólnokrajowemu jednolitemu dokumentowi tożsamości zwanemu potocznie dowodem osobistym wzór 28. W tekście omówiono różnice w formularzach występujące w poszczególnych regionach Polski w okresie międzywojennym, a także przykłady wykorzystania formularzy przez władze okupacyjne w okresie Design of the 1928 identification document - concept, execution and transformation The article presents the history of a national identification document in Poland in the period after the First World War. Special emphasis is put on the form adopted by the presidential resolution on March 16, 1928 On registration and control of the movement of people, that is, the single national identification document design no. 28. The text discusses differences between various forms in particular regions of Poland in the inter-war period, and provides the examples of how the forms were used by Nazi authorities during the Second World War and by the authorities after the Second World War.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE IAU

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (T29A) ◽  
pp. 196-204
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kochhar ◽  
Xiaochun Sun ◽  
Clive Ruggles ◽  
Juan Antonio Belmonte Avilés ◽  
Brenda Corbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
World War ◽  
International Astronomical ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

International Astronomical Union was formed after the First World War although it became truly international only after the Second World War. Its Commission 41 on History of Astronomy (C41) was set up in 1948 and in a few years established itself as an active and influential unit. It has the distinction of being a joint Commission, the other partner being International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IUHPS). Since IAU is an internationally respected body of professional astronomers, its support for history of astronomy enhances the credibility of the discipline in the eyes of scientists as well as science establishments of individual countries. C41 is committed to advancing objective and rigorous world history of astronomy taking into account all its aspects.

scholarly journals Arutjun Marutjan, Как помнят Великую Отечественную в Армении: некоторые наблюдения / How the Great Patriotic War Is Remembered in Armenia: Some Observations

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-105
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

The article discusses a neglected aspect in the history of the Second World War and the role of Armenians and their motivation to fight against the Nazi Germany. The author suggests that the memory of the Genocide against the Armenians perpetratrated by Turkey in the First World War with connivence from Germany played an important role in the memory of Soviet Armenians enrolled in the Red Army. This is one of the explanations why the present day Republic of Armenia still maintains – from different reasons – the name The Great Patriotic War instead of Second World War, like Russia.

scholarly journals The Slavic Question: «On the Riverbanks of the Russia» (Alexandr Trushnovich and Others)

Slovenica ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 138-153
Author(s):  
Neža Zajc
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Biographical Information ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

The article describes the history of the creation, formation and perception of the idea of Slavdom in Russia (from A.S. Pushkin and F.I. Tyutchev and further on). The analysis was made on the basis of the biographical information (“Memoirs of the Kornilov’s Soldier”) of the Slovenian A.R. Trushnovich, who during the First World War (as a soldier of the Austro-Hungarian army) moved to the side of Russia, into the army of Kornilov. This act affected on his personal destiny (he became Orthodox, married a Russian, etc.) and on his worldview. However, after the Second World War, his attitude towards the fate of Russia changed. However, Trushnovich retained his fi rm faith and the most spiritually creative sources of the Orthodox thought, which was N. Berdyaev.

A. J. P. Taylor and History

1964 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-546
Author(s):  
Edward B. Segel
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

A. J. P. Taylor's reputation among his fellow historians, like his writings, is marked by paradoxes and contradictions. There is respect for his learning, envy of his brilliance, admiration for his originality, and irritation, if not downright indignation, at his alleged vices. In private, his close friends assure you of his very great qualities as a historian, only to grumble at his absurdities as a showman. In public, his reviewers, even when they praise his scholarship, complain of the impossibility of seeing him as a wholeThere is something Shavian about A. J. P. Taylor and his place among academic historians: he is brilliant, erudite, witty, dogmatic, heretical, irritating, insufferable, and withal inescapable. He sometimes insults and always instructs his fellow-historians.…Almost ten years have passed since this comment was made, and Taylor is no less controversial now than before. Indeed, his two latest books, The Origins of the Second World War (1961) and the Illustrated History of the First World War (1963) have only increased his notoriety among his colleagues. As for this essay, the assumption behind it is that a historian as prolific and important as Taylor deserves a comprehensive and sober analysis, and that perhaps even his eccentricity and insufferableness can be instructive.

Western Ethnic Borderlands in the Influence of Russian-Soviet Propagangda Before and in the Years of the Second World War

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (46) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Igor Lyubchyk
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World ◽  
Russian Identity

The research issue peculiarities of wide Russian propaganda among the most Western ethnographic group – Lemkies is revealed in the article. The character and orientation of Russian and Soviet agitation through the social, religious and social movements aimed at supporting Russian identity in the region are traced. Tragic pages during the First World War were Thalrogian prisons for Lemkas, which actually swept Lemkivshchyna through Muscovophilian influences. Agitation for Russian Orthodoxy has provoked frequent cases of sharp conflicts between Lemkas. In general, attempts by moskvophile agitators to impose russian identity on the Orthodox rite were failed. Taking advantage of the complex socio-economic situation of Lemkos, Russian campaigners began to promote moving to the USSR. Another stage of Russian propaganda among Lemkos began with the onset of the Second World War. Throughout the territory of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, Soviet propaganda for resettlement to the USSR began rather quickly. During the dramatic events of the Second World War and the post-war period, despite the outbreaks of the liberation movement, among the Lemkoswere manifestations of political sympathies oriented toward the USSR. Keywords: borderlands, Lemkivshchyna, Lemky, Lemkivsky schism, Moskvophile, Orthodoxy, agitation, ethnopolitics

The Motif of Sacrifice in the Literature and Culture of the Second World War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rawlinson
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Home Front ◽  
World War ◽  
War Poetry ◽  
Anglophone Literature ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

This chapter explores how Anglophone literature and culture envisioned and questioned an economy of sacrificial exchange, particularly its symbolic aspect, as driving the compulsions entangled in the Second World War. After considering how Elizabeth Bowen’s short stories cast light on the Home Front rhetorics of sacrifice and reconstruction, it looks at how poets Robert Graves, Keith Douglas, and Alun Lewis reflect on First World War poetry of sacrifice. With reference to René Girard’s and Carl von Clausewitz’s writings on war, I take up Elaine Cobley’s assertion about the differing valencies of the First and Second World Wars, arguing that the contrast is better seen in terms of sacrificial economy. I develop that argument with reference to examples from Second World War literature depicting sacrificial exchange (while often harking back to the First World War), including Evelyn Waugh’s Sword of Honour Trilogy (1952–61), and William Wharton’s memoir Shrapnel (2012).

Blockade and the Civilian Population

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Drew
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
World War ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Strategic Bombing ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Drawing on several examples through history, this chapter illustrates the devastating potential that maritime blockades can have when they are employed against modern societies that are dependent on maritime trade, and particularly on the importation of foodstuffs and agricutltural materials for the survival of their civilian populations. Revealing statistics that show that the blockade of Germany during the First World War caused more civilian deaths than did the allied strategic bombing campaign of the Second World War, and that the sanctions regime against Iraq killed far more people than did the 1991 Gulf War, it demonstrates that civilian casualties are often the true unseen cost of conducting blockade operations.

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