How German Theologians Read and Edited Luther for the Public: Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider’s Luther for Our Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-206
Author(s):  
Zachary Purvis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Critical History ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
History Of Scholarship ◽  
Conservative Protestants

Abstract Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Entstehung und die Wirkung von Luther an unsere Zeit (1817), Karl Gottlieb Bretschneiders vielgelesenes Buch der Auszüge, als Fallstudie darüber, wie moderne wissenschaftliche Theologen und Herausgeber Luther gelesen, kommentiert und anderen Lesern vorgestellt haben: in diesem Beispiel als Rationalist. Das Buch war umstritten. Der Beitrag befasst sich auch mit zwei konkurrierenden Auswahlen von Luthers Schriften, die von den konservativeren Protestanten Friedrich Perthes und Hans Lorenz Andreas Vent sowie den ultramontanen Katholiken Nikolaus Weis und Andreas Räß als Antwort verfasst wurden. Es deutet darauf hin, dass eine stärkere Berücksichtigung solcher Zusammenstellungen und der Arbeitsmethoden der Compiler selbst – als Teil der kritischen Geschichte der Wissenschaft – sowohl unser Verständnis des tatsächlichen Einsatzes der Reformer und ihrer breiten Rezeption durch verschiedene Leser bereichern als auch neues Licht werfen wird über die Polemik des frühen neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. This article examines the creation and impact of Luther for Our Time (1817), Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider’s much-read book of excerpts, as a case study of how modern scientific theologians and editors read, annotated, and introduced Luther to other readers: in this instance as a rationalist. The book was controversial. The article also looks at two competing selections of Luther’s texts prepared in response by the more conservative Protestants Friedrich Perthes and Hans Lorenz Andreas Vent and the ultramontane Catholics Nikolaus Weis and Andreas Räß. It suggests that greater consideration of such compilations and the working methods of the compilers themselves – part of the critical history of scholarship – will both enrich our understanding of the actual use of reformers and their broad reception by various readers, as well as shed new light on the polemics of the early nineteenth century.

Buddhist Print Culture in Nineteenth-Century Northern Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-87
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Tuấn Cường ◽  
Phạm Văn Tuấn ◽  
Nguyễn Văn Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Modern Form

This essay is a study of the woodblock print culture at Khê Hồi temple in Thường Tín district, Hà Tây province (belonging to present day Hà Nội), a temple that is located in the same area as two other temples addressed in this volume (Thắng Nghiêm temple and Phổ Nhân temple). After describing the temple’s history and the various Buddhist schools that have influenced Khê Hồi temple, this essay proceeds to describe and analyze the temple’s extant woodblock collection (over 700 plates, and many books), which was discovered in 2001. The essay goes on to examine the circulation of books printed from the temple’s woodblock collection by means of: (1) comparing the temple’s woodblocks with Buddhist texts in the collection of the Institute of Sino-Nôm Studies and (2) examining neighboring temples to determine whether or not they have preserved books printed from Khê Hồi temple’s woodblocks. Through analyzing the history of woodblocks and their circulation pertaining to Khê Hồi temple in the context of nineteenth-century Buddhist woodblocks and texts in Northern Vietnam, this essay argues that Buddhism played a preponderant role in the creation and dissemination of printed texts in nineteenth-century Vietnam. During this period, although Buddhist print culture was already quite developed, the circulation of printed texts was largely limited to temples, and had not yet become widespread in secular society or the “public sphere” at large. This would later change during the “Buddhist Revival” of 1920–1945, when printing and print culture had already taken on their modern form.

Truth and Suffering in the Quaker Archives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Sylvia Palmieri
Keyword(s):  
Print Culture ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Making Meaning ◽  
The Public ◽  
Archival Document ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship

Using the records and publications of the Quakers, this chapter considers the religious and political context behind the creation of the Quaker archive and the relationship between scribal material and print culture in making meaning. The story of Mary Fisher’s (c.1623–1698) trip to Constantinople to convert the Sultan of the Ottoman Turks provides a valuable case study in how a letter became an archival document before circulating widely in print. Initially a product of the zealous, evangelical epistolary culture that characterised Quaker writings of the 1650s, it was transferred into the public archive created during the extreme persecution of the 1660s to situate the Quakers within a longer history of suffering. Later it was used to advance the political argument for toleration by offering an instance of Muslim hospitality in counterbalance to Christian cruelty. The chapter highlights how changing historical contexts transform the nature of the truth of archives.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Kylee-Anne Hingston
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Disability Studies ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
Victorian Studies ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Scholarship ◽  
Plot Structure

Prompted by Victorians’ frequent conflation of body and text, the introduction argues that Victorian fiction’s narrative form, specifically plot structure and focalization, contributed to the development of disability as a concept; in particular, as fiction’s form developed from the massive hybrid novels of the early decades of the nineteenth century to the case-study length of fin-de-siècle mysteries, disability became increasingly medicalized, moving from the position of spectacle to specimen. The chapter addresses focalization’s evocation of the perceiving body, linking focalization to theories of staring and the specular in disability studies, and it provides a history of scholarship on Victorian illness and disability, thus placing the book’s argument in the fields of narratology, disability studies, and Victorian studies.

‘Friends have no cause to be ashamed of being by others thought non-evangelical’: Unity and Diversity of Belief among early Nineteenth-Century British Quakers

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 337-349
Author(s):  
Simon Bright
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Orientation ◽  
The Individual

One of the most remarkable features in the history of British Quakerism is its ability rapidly to change its theological orientation — changing in succession from an outward looking mass movement, to an inward-looking sect, to an evangelical ecumenically-minded denomination, to a theologically liberal association of like-minded individuals. This paper considers the third of these transitions, the move from sectarianism to evangelicalism. This period of transition provides a useful case study of how the beliefs of a pan-denominational movement (in this case evangelicalism) interact with the existing beliefs of a sect (in this case the corpus of traditional Quaker beliefs known as Quietism). In this case study, particular attention will be focused on Joseph John Gurney (1788-1847), the individual most closely associated with the rise of evangelicalism within British Quakerism.

Part IV Debates, Ch.44 Religion, Secularism, and International Law

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paz Reut Yael
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Catholic School ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
School Of Salamanca ◽  
History Of International Law ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the inseparable nature of the relationship between religion—more specifically, Christianity—secularism and international law. As the history of international law itself reveals, its inauguration as a liberal profession depended on a group of men who shared a particular universal intuition and cultural agenda that mirrored their western Christian European and cosmopolitan backgrounds at the end of the nineteenth century. Thus, the chapter scrutinizes the Catholic School of Salamanca as a case study that mirrors how Christianity—Catholic missionarism more accurately — became an integral part of international law to date, focusing on how and why the Salamancans’ specific re-configuration of the public/private has become a resilient and persistent formula to this day.

Pasteur in Palestine: The Politics of the Laboratory

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadav Davidovitch ◽  
Rakefet Zalashik
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World War I ◽  
Pasteur Institute ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship

ArgumentWe examine the creation and functioning of the “Pasteur Institute in Palestine” focusing on the relationship between biological science, health policy, and the creation of a “new society” within the framework of Zionism. Similar to other bacteriological institutes founded by colonial powers, this laboratory was developed in response to public health needs. But it also had a political role. Dr. Leo Böhm, a Zionist physician, strived to establish his institution along the lines of the Zionist aspiration to develop a national entity based on strong scientific foundations. Even though the institute enjoyed several fruitful years of operation, mainly during World War I, it achieved no lasting national or scientific importance in the country. Böhm failed to adapt to new ways of knowledge production, scientifically and socially. The case study of the “Pasteur Institute in Palestine” serves as a prism to view the role of the public health laboratory in the history of Palestine with its ongoing changes of scientific, organizational, and political context.

International relations and the critical history of International Law

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International System ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Critical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of International Law

Just as the contemporary global structure is a product of nineteenth-century economic and political developments, namely, industrial capitalism and global empires dominated by European metropoles, a misleading conception of the international system as composed of formally equal sovereign states is a product of the same period, as Vattel’s conception of states as equal moral persons was taken up and transformed in the early nineteenth century, especially in imperial Britain. This model continues to shape interpretations of global politics in International Relations (IR), despite the persistence of the imperial legacy in the form of a stratified globe. Historical work informed by postcolonial studies and recent scholarship in International Law can give IR greater analytical and critical purchase on the current global order.

Making History: The State's Intervention in Urban Religious Disputes in the North- Western Provinces in the Early Nineteenth Century

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Prior
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Local History ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
North Western

In the nineteenth century the towns and cities of the North-Western Provinces witnessed a huge expansion in public expressions of Hindu identity: temples mushroomed, new processions graced the streets and the cow attained new prominence as a symbol of Hindu piety. Rarely, if ever, were such activities motivated by anti-Muslim sentiment, but they could provoke ill-will between Hindus and Muslims, especially in the towns where Islamic government, buildings and festivals had previously set the tone for the public life of their inhabitants. The colonial administration was a powerful but ill- informed force, able either to suppress or to protect the new display, and its responses were crucial in determining people's understanding of their rights to public religious expression.For the first half of the nineteenth century the British tried to preserve the balance of religious display in each town and city as they had found it, but this goal required that individual officers piece together a local history from imperfect sources and then invest it with the authority of the new state. It is easy enough to delineate the simplistic and sometimes crass categorizations that the agents of colonialism employed to explain Indians' religious sensibilities. What I want to do here, however, is show how their fundamentally novel reconstructions of a town's history of public religious display could feed back into Indians' own reading of their past and hence their future, even long after the British had abandoned their pursuit of a locality's ‘established usage’.

Origins

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-55
Author(s):  
David-Antoine Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ralph Waldo Emerson ◽  
Samuel Taylor Coleridge ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Context ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Linguistic Evolution

This chapter provides a long introduction to the history of etymological thought and its intersections with poetic thought, from etiological biblical etymology and its medieval Christian and Jewish interpretations, to the ‘philosophical etymology’ of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century as pursued by Horne Tooke, and later Ralph Waldo Emerson and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, to nineteenth century philology in Britain and Germany. In this chapter ‘the life of words’ implies that language is a sort of living thing, but also the converse, that life is somehow like language. In the pre-modern context these metaphors are imbricated in stories concerning the creation of the cosmos and humanity, and the Fall from Eden, and all that comes after. In the latter context they entail metaphors of linguistic ‘evolution’ and the genealogical relations among words.

A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-JüRgen Lechtreck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Scientific Teaching ◽  
Glass Marble ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Wax Models

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists. Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.

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