Cortisol decreases 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the duck thymu

1994 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMS Poon ◽  
ZM Liu ◽  
F Tang ◽  
SF Pang
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Adrenal Steroids

Poon AMS, Liu ZM, Tang F, Pang SF. Cortisol decreases 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the duck thymus. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:320–4. ISSN 0804–4643 The immunosuppressive effect of chronic glucocorticoid treatment on 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding in the duck thymus was studied. Two-week-old ducks were injected intraperitoneally with either 1 mg of cortisol per day (experimental group) or an equivalent volume of vehicle (control group) in the middle of the light period for 7 days. 2[125I]Iodomelatonin binding assays were performed on thymic membranes. Cortisol injection reduced the body weight gain, size of the bursa of Fabricius and absolute weights of the primary lymphoid organs but had no effect on the spleen weights. The relative weights of the spleen were increased while those of the primary lymphoid organs were unchanged. The density of the thymus 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites was decreased while the affinity was not affected. The modulation of the thymic 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites by changes in the immune status of the duck suggests that these binding sites represent physiologically relevant melatonin receptors and that melatonin exerts its action on the lymphoid tissues directly. Our findings support the hypothesis that the thymus is the target site for the immunomodulatory interactions between the pineal melatonin and the adrenal steroids. A possible inhibitory influence of adrenal steroids on the immuno-enhancing effect of melatonin is also suggested. AMS Poon, University of Hong Kong, 5 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong

scholarly journals Biological effects of iodine, selenium, sulfur citrates in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-530
Author(s):  
R. S. Fedoruk ◽  
U. I. Tesarivska ◽  
I. I. Kovalchuk ◽  
M. M. Tsap ◽  
V. H. Kaplunenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
The Individual

This study aimed at the assessment of the I, Se, S citrate effect on the organism of broiler chickens. Feeding of chickens of all groups was carried out by using standard balanced feeds – starter, grower, and finish with the use of group feeders placed at the appropriate height from the floor depending on the poultry height. For the chickens of experimental groups, I, Se, S citrate was added to drinking water daily during the 48th day. To the drinking water of chickens of experimental groups different amounts of the citrate solution were added I (200 mg/L), Se (50 mg/L), S (300 mg/L), prepared by the nanotechnology method. Chickens of the II group received the lowest dose of I, Se, S at the rate of 5 μg I/L, 1.25 μg Se/L, 7.5 μg S/L of drinking water, and for poultry of other experimental groups, it was increased by 2 (III), 4 (IV), 6 (V) and 8 (VI) times compared to II group. Coccidiostat "Kokcisan 12%" (KRKA, Slovenia) was added to the starter and grower feed at the stages of its manufacture in quantities of 0.5 kg/t of feed. Coccidiostat was not added to the final feed. During the 48-day technological period, the clinical condition of the poultry was monitored daily by forage and motor activity, safety, and every 7 days – for growth intensity with the individual determination of body weight on a laboratory scale. The investigation of the blood was carried out from the 35th or 48th day during the growing, period and also investigation of the internal organs – liver, heart, spleen, stomach, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. The increase of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and albumin in the blood of II, III, and VI chicken groups was established on the 35th day of the experiment, and the reduction of creatinine in III and VI groups. By that time, the effect of highest dose of I, Se, S caused a decrease in the T3 concentration in the blood of chickens in the VI group compared to the I and II groups. In particular, in the blood of chickens of IV, V and VI groups compared to the I, II, III group under these conditions there was a significant increase in the content of urea, Ca, P, cholesterol, as well as albumin – only in IV group on the 48th day. Triacylglycerols’ content increased in the blood serum of chickens in III and IV groups compared to the II and V groups, but in V group – decreased compared to the III, IV groups. The increase in liver, thymus, and heart mass in the II and V chicken groups was noticed and their decrease in the VI group was revealed compared with the control group. Reliable lower coefficients of the body mass of chickens of III and VI groups may indicate a less notable stimulating biological effect of I, Se, S citrate in these doses on liver development than on the whole organism. The addition of I, Se, S citrate to broiler chickens during the period of growing revealed the difference in their biological action in the presence and absence of the Kokcisan 12% in a mixed fodder. A more notable stimulating effect of low dose of I, Se, S citrate on the growth and development on the chickens' organism was established during the withdrawal of coccidiostatics from their diet. The effect may be due to its inhibitory influence on the biological activity of these elements in the first 35 days of growing. In the final period of chicken growing and withdrawal of ionophore Kokcisan from the diet more noticeable changes were revealed in the studied parameters.

scholarly journals Does the Consumption of Acidified Drinking Water Affect Growth Performance and Lymphoid Organs of Broilers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3093
Author(s):  
Hany M. S. Al-Mutairi ◽  
Elsayed O. S. Hussein ◽  
Abdul Rahman Jar El Nabi ◽  
Ayman A. Swelum ◽  
Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Control Group

This study was conducted to compare the effects of single and synergistic organic acids (formic (F) and butyric (B) acids) on the performance and lymphoid organs of broiler chicks. In total, 450 one-day-old ISA JA57 chicks were assigned randomly to nine groups, each of five replicates (10 chicks/replicate): The control group, without added acids; groups 2 and 3, with 0.2% and 0.3% formic acid, respectively; groups 4 and 5, with 0.2% and 0.3% butyric acid, respectively; group 6, with 0.2% formic acid and 0.3% butyric acid; group 7, with 0.2% butyric acid and 0.3% formic acid; groups 8 and 9, with 0.2% butyric and formic acids and 0.3% butyric and formic acids, respectively. The control group received tap water, and other treatment groups received acidified drinking water, as previously described. The results indicated that treatment resulted in a significantly higher (p < 0.05) average live weight and weight gain at four weeks of age than in the control group. Nevertheless, group 7 showed significant decreases in the feed conversion ratio compared with the other treatments between four and five weeks of age. The carcass percentage was highest when B3, F3B2, and B2 were added to the drinking water, whereas control and F2B3 showed lower carcass percentage than the other treatments. At 42 days of age, the addition of organic acids to the drinking water of broilers had significant effects on the bursa of Fabricius and thymus percentages, but no effect on the spleen percentage. Water acidification by F and B alone and in combination did not affect poultry performance. However, it improved the lymphoid organ weight, indicating improved immunity and carcass percentage at 42 days of age.

Effects of hydrocortisone and adrenalectomy on uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Kaplan ◽  
C. Susan Nagareda
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Adrenal Steroids ◽  
Aminoisobutyric Acid ◽  
Negative Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Growing Body

Effects of adrenalectomy and hydrocortisone injection on distribution of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) were measured in tissues of 16 groups of mice. Administration of hydrocortisone resulted in uniformly increased uptake of AIB by the liver and, less consistently, decreased uptake by lymphoid tissues and increased excretion by the kidneys. Experiments were also conducted which showed that little if any AIB is incorporated into proteins of the mouse. The experiments are consistent with a growing body of evidence that adrenal steroids lead to increased protein synthesis by the liver despite the induction of negative nitrogen balance in the body as a whole.

scholarly journals Growth and Development of the Lymphoid Organs as Affected by Inorganic and Organic Zinc in Broilers Chickens

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fe S. Bulao
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Organic Zinc ◽  
Zinc Methionine ◽  
Different Levels

Zinc is one of the important minerals that affect the immune system. It should be incorporated in the diet since the effects of deficiency are very pronounced. However, the levels and sources are still unknown particularly in the growth and development of the lymphoid organs. Hence, this study was conducted. Two experiments were conducted following a completely randomized design for a period of 36 days. Experiment 1 utilized zinc oxide while 2 made used of zinc methionine. Results revealed that the different levels of zinc oxide did not affect the average weight and number of lymphatic nodules of the Bursa of Fabricius and thymus. The same organs involuted between 15-28 days and 11-21 days, respectively. The spleen, however, was unaffected.  In Experiment 2, it shows that the average weight and number of lymphatic nodules of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were not affected by the different levels of zinc methionine. Bursa involuted from days 8-28 while thymus, between 11-21 days. Increasing spleen’s weight pattern was noted only in the control group beginning on day 11 and peak on day 28. The study concludes that the growth and development of the lymphoid organs were not affected by zinc inclusion in the diet. It recommends that supplementation must be accompanied by good management practices.   Keywords— Animal Nutrition, mineral supplementation, experimental design, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

scholarly journals Experimental study on histopathological changes and tissue tropism of Iranian infectious bronchitis serotype 793/B-like virus in SPF chickens

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Bijanzad ◽  
Reza Momayez ◽  
Mohammad H. Bozorgmehrifard ◽  
Mohammad H. Hablolvarid ◽  
Seyed A. Pourbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Histopathological Lesions

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is prevalent in all countries with intensive poultry flocks. This disease is characterised primarily by respiratory signs, but some IBV strains may also infect other organs such as the intestinal and urogenital tracts. The aim of this study was to characterise the histopathological lesions and tissue tropism of Iranian isolate IR/773/2001(793/B) of avian infectious bronchitis virus in different organs of experimentally infected SPF chickens. Forty-two one-day-old, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were divided randomly into two groups (21 chicks to each group). At the age of 12 days, one group was inoculated intra-ocularly with 103 EID50 of the 793/B isolate, and the other was kept as the control group. Tissue samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days post-inoculation (PI). The IBV virus was detected in the caecal tonsils and cloaca from the 2nd to the 12th day PI. The virus was also detected in the kidneys from days 4–10 PI and in the bursa of Fabricius from days 4–12 PI. The virus was detected in the trachea, lungs and thymus. The most obvious histopathological lesions were found in the trachea, kidney, lungs and bursa of Fabricius. Amongst the lymphoid tissues, histopathological changes were found most frequently in the bursa of Fabricius. The results of this study indicated that the 793/B serotype of IBV is unlikely to cause mortality, severe clinical signs or gross lesions in infected chickens, but its replication in some tissues including the bursa of Fabricius could render birds susceptible to other micro-organisms.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR LYMPHOID ORGANS OF CHEMOTHERAPY TREATED CHICKENS

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Karim ◽  
MZI Khan ◽  
Z Haque
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Morphometrical Analysis ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cervical Subluxation ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The study was carried out to know the gross morphological and morphometrical changes of major lymphoid organs of chemotherapy treated chickens during the period from July to September 2004 in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The 12-day-old 16 chickens (Vencobb broiler) were divided into four groups viz, group A, group B, and group C that were treated with cyclophosphamide @ 3 mg / kg body weight intramuscularly, vincristine @ 0.07 mg /kg body weight intramuscularly and the combination of the former two drugs using same dose and route for 3 consecutive days respectively and group D was kept as untreated control. After 7 days of last chemotherapy all birds were weighed and killed one by one through cervical subluxation. The body weights of the chemotherapy treated groups were decreased in comparison to control but more decreased in cyclophosphamide treated chickens. The major lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen and cecal tonsils) were exposed through ventral neck and abdominal dissection and grossly atrophy of the major lymphoid organs was observed in the chemotherapy treated chicken than the control chicken. After collection, the major lymphoid organs were weighed with the help of electric balance one by one. The weights of major lymphoid organs reduced in the chemotherapy treated chickens than the control chickens but the weight of lymphoid organs more reduced in the cyclophosphamide treated chickens. The result of the present study revealed that the size and weight of the major lymphoid organs of the chemotherapy treated chicken decreased in comparison to control chicken. These results indicated that the reduction of weight of major lymphoid organs was due to the action of drug in the lymphoid organs of chemotherapy treated chickens.

scholarly journals Characterization of Immune and Enteric Systems of Broilers after Imunosupression with Dexamethasone

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Daiane Carvalho ◽  
Juliana Inês Herpich ◽  
Gabriela Zottis Chitolina ◽  
Marta Sílvia Gava ◽  
Lucas Brunelli De Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Mean Values

Background: Bursa of Fabricius (BF) and the thymus are primary lymphoid organs of poultry and play a major role in avian immunity. Enteric system is also involved in immunity. Several pathologic conditions directly impact BF and thymus size, and also affect intestinal parameters. Besides, there are several immune system depressor agents which affect birds. The selection of glucocorticoid as inducer of immunosuppression is applied in many experiments; however there are few studies that are applied to the reality in the field. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dexamethasone as an inducer of immunosuppression on lymphoid organs and microscopic structures of the jejunum.Materials, Methods & Results: One-day-old chicks were used as a control group (n = 8) and the treated group (n = 25) received intramuscular dexamethasone on 21, 23, 24 and 26 day-old. Control birds and treated birds were euthanized 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 h after inoculation; four control birds and six treated birds were euthanized on the eighth day after the last inoculation. Thymus, BF and jejunum were collected during the necropsy. The selected organs were processed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and photographed. The BF and thymus cuts were evaluated by three histopathologists to determine the depletion score. Ten villi of each jejunum were evaluated for width and length of villi, depth crypt, microvillus length, enterocyte length of each villus, and wall thickness. Treated birds presented a mean weight lower than control group during all the experiment. The mean weight and the relative weight of the BF and thymus of control birds were significantly higher than treated ones. The lymphocyte depletion in BF and thymus scores differed significantly between groups, being higher in the group challenged with dexamethasone. There were no significant differences between groups for depth of crypt, height of core and height of microvilli. The intestines of the control group had higher mean values for length of villi, width of villi, height of enterocyte and thickness of wall. Significant correlation between weight of thymus and weight of BF, between weight of thymus and weight of bird and between weight of BF and bird weight were found.Discussion: Easy administration, low cost and the absence of suffering during inoculation make the use of glucocorticoids more advantageous to mimic immunosupression in poultry. Treatment with dexamethasone interfered directly in the weight of the birds. Evaluation of immune response of birds can be performed by the ratio of the BF weight in relation to the weight of the bird, as observed in the present study. The relative weight of the BF of untreated animals varied at all ages between 0.21% and 0.29%. It was also observed that the relative weight of BF and thymus in immunosuppressed birds tended to increase according to the end of the treatment. Depletion scores were higher in thymus, suggesting that glucocorticoid promoted more harmful effects on this organ. Dexamethasone had negative influence on length of villus, once mean value was 13% lower than those of control group. Width of villus and height of enterocyte core of treatment group were lower than those observed in control animals. Coefficient of determination greater than 70% was observed for almost all established relationships, except for the length of villi and weight of the thymus. Administration of dexamethasone promotes significant and negative effects on the gain of weight, length of villi, width of villi and height of enterocytes. These finding are useful for future experiments with controlled immunosuppression induction, once it provides significant information of the secondary effects of glucocorticoids administration in poultry.

Development and Organization of the Secondary and Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Influence of Microbial and Food Antigens

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Food Antigens

Background:Secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) are distributed in many districts of the body and, especially, lymph nodes, spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissue are the main cellular sites. On the other hand, tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) are formed in response to inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic events. </P><P> Developmental Studies: In the present review, emphasis will be placed on the developmental differences of SLO and TLO between small intestine and colon and on the role played by various chemokines and cell receptors. Undoubtedly, microbiota is indispensable for the formation of SLO and its absence leads to their poor formation, thus indicating its strict interaction with immune and non immune host cells. Furthermore, food antigens (for example, tryptophan derivatives, flavonoids and byphenils) bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor on innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), thus promoting the development of postnatal lymphoid tissues. Also retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, contributes to SLO development during embryogenesis. Vitamin A deficiency seems to account for reduction of ILCs and scarce formation of solitary lymphoid tissue. </P><P> Translational Studies: The role of lymphoid organs with special reference to intestinal TLO in the course of experimental and human disease will also be discussed. </P><P> Future Perspectives: Finally, a new methodology, the so-called “gut-in-a dish”, which has facilitated the in vitro interaction study between microbe and intestinal immune cells, will be described.

Clinico-Pathological and Hemato-Biochemical Assessment of Field Originated Chicken Anemia Virus in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chicken

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Maaz Nadeem ◽  
Muti Ur Rehman Khan ◽  
Asim Aslam ◽  
Ali Ahmad Sheikh ◽  
Arfan Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Chicken Anemia Virus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Biochemical Profile ◽  
Hematological Analysis ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Serum Biochemical Profile ◽  
Anemia Virus

One hundred broiler chicks were divided into two groups A and B. The chicks in group A were control group and group B was challenged with field originated chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) at 7th day of age. The samples were collected on 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day of post infection for hematological, biochemical, immunohistochemical and histopathological examination. The hematological analysis showed significantly (P Less than 0.05) low level of hemoglobin, decreased packed cell volume, leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in infected group as compared to control group. In immunohistochemical assay, CIAV was detected in portal zone of liver, epicardium and myocardium, lymphoid follicles of bursa of Fabricius, thymic lobules and mainly white pulp of spleen. Histopathological changes were observed in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. Concerning the serum biochemical profile, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, increased concentration of liver enzymes, creatinine and urea were observed in infected birds. Our results showed that field originated stra in is pathogenic for broilers which induce significant changes in hematology, serum biochemical profile and histopathology of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

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