scholarly journals Model Diplomasi Kuno di Nusantara: Kasus Kesultanan Aceh dan Johor Abad XVI – XVII

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Johan Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Kingdoms

Abstract Nusantara is the land with various old tales. There is remaining some historical facts that is still urgent to discuss. One of past theme that is interesting is the relation of kingdoms and lands. Aceh Darussalam is one of the greatest kingdom in Sumatra and the strait of Malaka. Their existence had regarded as the guard, but for the other groups see it as threat. In some cases, that outlook can be changing, depending on the regional political context. The Kingdom of Johor becomes a one of political entity that is actively associated with Aceh. They need a strong colleague, in order to continue their development into estabilished kingdom. Their dark past, that is the fall of Malaka because Portuguese attack in 1511, is used for building a billateral cooperation with Aceh. Instead, the two kingdoms involved family relations. As we khow, marriage is the one of ancient diplomatic model in Middle Ages. During the wheel of time, the diplomatic boundery between Aceh and Johor is not always on the line. At the one day, Johor had known that Aceh had another goal behind his intentions. Aceh had planned that Johor is part of Aceh’s subordinate area. Therefore, Johor had decided Portuguese as his friend. This decision contraries to the vision of Aceh. Aceh had thougt that Portuguese is his rival. Aceh had showed his anger with several attacks to Johor. This Paper will explain the model of ancient diplomacies, in case of the relation of Aceh and Johor. Some kind of that such as the diplomacy in politic and intellectual sphere. ---Abstrak Nusantara merupakan ranah yang kaya akan kisah masa lalu. Di dalamnya terendap beragam peristiwa yang masih aktual dibicarakan. Satu tema yang menarik adalah mengenai hubungan kenegerian antarkerajaan. Aceh Darussalam merupakan salah satu kerajaan besar di Sumatera dan perairan Malaka. Keberadaannya dianggap pengayom, namun bagi kelompok lain, ia diangap sebagai ancaman. Pada titik tertentu, pandangan ini bisa saja berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kondisi politik regional. Kesultanan Johor menjadi salah satu kesultanan yang aktif berhubungan dengan Aceh Darussalam. Johor membutuhkan rekanan yang tangguh, agar bisa terus berkembang menjadi kerajaan yang mapan. Masa lalu yang kelam, yakni dikuasainya Malaka oleh Portugis pada 1511, membulatkan tekad Johor untuk beriringan dengan Aceh dalam kerjasama bilateral. Malah, kedua kerajaan terikat oleh hubungan kekerabatan. Hal ini karena beberapa pangeran dan putri Johor menikah dengan pangeran dan putri dari Aceh. Seperti diketahui, pernikahan merupakan bentuk diplomasi kuno di Abad Pertengahan. Dalam perjalanannya, diplomasi yang dijalin Aceh dan Johor tidaklah berjalan mulus. Pada satu keadaan, Johor menyadari bahwa Aceh mempunyai motif lain, yakni ingin menjadikan Johor bagian dari daerah pengaruhnya. Oleh sebab itu, Johor memutuskan menjalin hubungan dengan Portugis, agar bisa lepas dari bayang-bayang Aceh. Aceh yang memang menjadikan Portugis sebagai rivalnya, marah dengan kebijakan Johor. Sejak itu di beberapa fase hubungan Aceh dan Johor terlibat peperangan. Tulisan ini akan mengangkat model dua diplomasi kuno seperti yang tersaji dalam kasus kerajaan Aceh dan Johor. Beberapa yang bisa disebutkan adalah diplomasi politik dan intelektual.  DOI: 10.15408/al-turas.v23i1.4800

Bastard Feudalism and the Framing of Thirteenth-Century England

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

In the introduction to his great work of 2005, Framing the Early Middle Ages, Chris Wickham urged not only the necessity of carefully framing our studies at the outset but also the importance of closely defining the words and concepts that we employ, the avoidance ‘cultural sollipsism’ wherever possible and the need to pay particular attention to continuities and discontinuities. Chris has, of course, followed these precepts on a vast scale. My aim in this chapter is a modest one. I aim to review the framing of thirteenth-century England in terms of two only of Chris’s themes: the aristocracy and the state—and even then primarily in terms of the relationship between the two. By the thirteenth century I mean a long thirteenth century stretching from the period of the Angevin reforms of the later twelfth century on the one hand to the early to mid-fourteenth on the other; the reasons for taking this span will, I hope, become clearer during the course of the chapter, but few would doubt that it has a validity.

Aristotle's Unmoved Movers

Traditio ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Merlan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Picture ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Concentric Spheres ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Middle Ages

According to Aristotle all heavenly movement is ultimately due to the activity of forty-seven (or fifty-five) ‘unmoved movers'. This doctrine is highly remarkable in itself and has exercised an enormous historical influence. It forms part of a world-picture the outlines of which are as follows. The universe consists of concentric spheres, revolving in circles. The outermost of these bears the fixed stars. The other either bear planets or, insofar as they do not, contribute indirectly to the movements of the latter. Each sphere is moved by the one immediately surrounding it, but also possesses a movement of its own, due to its mover, an unmoved, incorporeal being. (It was these beings which the schoolmen designated as theintelligentiae separatae.) The seemingly irregular movements of the planets are thus viewed as resulting from the combination of regular circular revolutions. The earth does not move and occupies the centre of the universe. Such was Aristotle's astronomic system, essential parts of which were almost universally adopted by the Arabic, Jewish, and Christian philosophers of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals On the Possibilities of Researching the Marriage Policies of the Rurikids: The Case of Mstislav Fyodor Vladimirovich Monomakhovich

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Dariusz Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
The Political ◽  
Know How ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The main goal of the article is to present the possibilities and methods of research on the Rurikid’s matrimonial policy in the Middle Ages on the example of a selected group of princes. As the subject of studies were chosen Mstislav Vladimirovich and his children. In total, 12 matrimonial relationships were included. The analysis of the source material revealed very unfavorable phenomena from the perspective of the topic under study. The Rus’ primary sources gave information on the conclusion of just four marriages out of twelve. The next four matrimonial arrangement inform foreign sources (Scandinavian and Norman). It should be emphasized particularly strongly that – save for two exceptions of Scandinavian provenance – the sources convey no information whatsoever as regards the political aims behind this or that marriage agreement. It appears, then, that the chroniclers of the period and cultural sphere in question did not regard details concerning marriages (such as their circumstances or the reasons behind them) as “information notable enough to be worth preserving”. Truth be told, even the very fact of the marriage did not always belong to this category. Due to the state of preservation of primary sources the basic question arises as to whether it is possible to study the Rurikids’ matrimonial policy? In spite of the mercilessly sparse source material, it is by all means possible to conduct feasible research on the Rurikids’ marriage policy. One must know how to do it right, however. Thus, such studies must on the one hand be rooted in a deep knowledge of the relevant sources (not only of Rus’ provenance) as well as the ability to subject them to astute analysis; on the other hand, they must adhere to the specially developed methodology, presented in the first part of the article.

scholarly journals Epistemic Disobedience and Decolonial Healing in Norma Elía Cantú’s Canícula

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Poks
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Border Community ◽  
Line Splitting ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
The One ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Using the U.S.-Mexican border as the place of enunciation, Cantú’s autoethnobiographical novel insists on the materiality of the border, especially for those living on its southern side, while simultaneously deconstructing it as artificial - a line splitting families and assigning nationalities on an arbitrary basis. Being a collage of photographs from the time the writer was growing up in southern Texas and the cuentos inspired by these visuals, Cantú’s Canícula documents how border crossings and re-crossings become symptomatic of living in a liminal space and how they destabilize the concept of nationality as bi-national families must learn to live with ambiguity. On the one hand, there is the undeniable materiality of the border, with its pain, fear, deportations, and other discriminatory practices; on the other, there is a growing border community of resistance cultivating the memory that they are not immigrants, that they lived in Texas before the Guadalupe-Hidalgo treaty. The paper examines the community’s strategies of survival in the contested cultural and social space and advances the thesis that, giving her community an awareness of its homogeneity and reclaiming its place within the larger socio-political context, Cantú becomes an agent of empowerment and change. She helps decolonize knowledge and being.

Hugh of St Victor, Dominicus Gundissalinus and the Place of the Mechanical Arts in Medieval Architectures of Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-318
Author(s):  
Alexander Fidora ◽  
Nicola Polloni
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The One ◽  
Mechanical Arts

This contribution engages with the problematic position of the mechanical arts within medieval systems of knowledge. Superseding the secondary position assigned to the mechanical arts in the Early Middle Ages, the solutions proposed by Hugh of St Victor and Gundissalinus were highly influential during the thirteenth century. While Hugh’s integration of the mechanical arts into his system of knowledge betrays their still ancillary position as regards consideration of the liberal arts, Gundissalinus’s theory proposes two main novelties. On the one hand, he sets the mechanical arts alongside alchemy and the arts of prognostication and magic. On the other, however, using the theory put forward by Avicenna, he subordinates these “natural sciences” to natural philosophy itself, thereby establishing a broader architecture of knowledge hierarchically ordered. Our contribution examines the implications of such developments and their reception afforded at Paris during the thirteenth century, emphasising the relevance that the solutions offered by Gundissalinus enjoyed in terms of the ensuing discussions concerning the structure of human knowledge.

Genres and Motives

2015 ◽  
pp. 13-63
Author(s):  
Ram Ben-Shalom
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Jewish Historiography ◽  
Religious Polemic ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Christian Discourse

This chapter examines the genres and motives behind Jewish chronology during the Middle Ages. Jewish historiography focused on correlating Jewish chronology, general chronology, and Christian chronology. This was a similar approach to Christian writers. The chapter shows that this correlation of Jewish chronology with Christian and general chronology was one of the many components of medieval Jewish–Christian discourse. On the one hand, this suggests that Jews had a unified approach to history, in which they saw themselves as full participants. On the other, the timing and meaning of historical events were part of the religious polemic with Christianity. Religious polemic and apocalypticism were important reasons why Jewish scholars in Spain and southern France engaged in historiography. Other motives included the moral lessons that could be found in history and intellectual curiosity.

The Devil Wears White: Teutonic Knights and the Problem of Evil in Polish Historiography

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-155
Author(s):  
Adam Kożuchowski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Imagination ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
The One ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Teutonic Knights

This paper addresses the intersection of moral condemnation, national antagonism, and civilizational critique in the images of the Teutonic Order as presented in Polish historical discourse since the early nineteenth century, with references to their medieval and early modern origins. For more than 150 years, the Order played the role of the archenemy in the historical imagination of Poles. This image is typically considered an element of the anti-German sentiment, fueled by modern nationalism. In this paper I argue that the scale and nature of the demonization of the Teutonic Knights in Polish historiography is more complex, and should be interpreted in the contexts of pre-modern religious rhetoric on the one hand, and the critique of Western civilization from a peripheral or semi-colonial point of view on the other. The durability and flexibility of the black legend of the Order, born in the late Middle Ages, and adapted by Romantic, modern nationalist, and communist historians, makes it a unique phenomenon, surpassing the framework of modern nationalism. It is the modern anti-German stereotype that owes much to this legend, rather than the other way around.

Zwei-Reiche-Lehre und Widerstand gegen die Staatsgewalt. Entfaltung einer Bemerkung Bonhoeffers

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-279
Author(s):  
Lukas Ohly
Keyword(s):  
Human Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Justice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Kingdoms

AbstractA passage from one of Bonhoeffer’s prison letters hints at a diversification of Luther’s doctrine of the two kingdoms. Thus Bonhoeffer solves a dilemma: On the one hand, the doctrine of the two kingdoms does not support rogue regimes. On the other hand, Bonhoeffer escapes the danger of dissolving political justice by religious fanaticism. The solution, which is recon­structed in this essay, consists of a non-principal, but nevertheless evident situation of decision in favor of resistance. Any possible objections against this proposition are countered by the theological phenomenon of »Widerfahrnis« of human experience.

The Relation of the Slave and the Client to the Master or Patron in Medieval Islam

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Forand
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Near East ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages

In antiquity and in the Middle Ages slavery played a significant role in the military, economic, political and social life of the Near East. Many studies have been made of these aspects of life, but little has been said in the context of Islam about the psychological bonds which, at least to some extent, characterize the relationship between slave or freedman and master. The institution of ‘mutual alliance’ also played an important part in Islamic history, and there were certain similarities between the relation of the ‘ally’ to the patron on the one hand, and of the freedman to the former master on the other. But it is the purpose of this discussion, in part, to point out some basic differences between the two relationships.

I.—The Primitive Spindle as a Fundamental Feature in the Embryology of Plants

1924 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.O. Bower
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Kingdoms

The analogies between the two Kingdoms of Living Organisms are so numerous that in many ways the study of the one may be rightly held to illuminate that of the other. Provided the lines of comparison be broad enough, good may come from following out such analogies. But whenever the comparisons are more closely drawn they should be examined critically: and in any case nothing more than analogy can be postulated for any comparison relating to their advanced types.

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