Three-Dimensional Microfabrication by Two-Photon Lithography

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 976-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Yang ◽  
Shalin J. Jhaveri ◽  
Christopher K. Ober
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Patterned Structures

AbstractThe controlled formation of submicrometer-scale structures in three dimensions is of increasing interest in many applications. Not intended to produce the smallest structures, but instead aimed at complex topographies, two-photon lithography is an intrinsic 3D lithography technique that enables the fabrication of structures difficult to access by conventional single-photon processes with far greater spatial resolution than other 3D microfabrication techniques. By tightly focusing a femtosecond laser beam into a resin, subsequent photo-induced reactions such as polymerization occur only in the close vicinity of the focal point, allowing the fabrication of a 3D structure by directly writing 3D patterns. The current research effort in two-photon lithography is largely devoted to the design and synthesis of high-efficiency photoinitiators and sensitizers, as well as the development of new materials and systems. This article provides an overview of the progress in two-photon processes for the formation of complex images and the development of patterned structures.

Fabrication Technology of Involute Micro Gear Based on Two-Photon of Femtosecond Laser

2010 ◽  
Vol 44-47 ◽  
pp. 670-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Feng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ◽  
Excitation Light ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Machining System ◽  
Set Up

Microfabrication is a kind of critical technology for the development of Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). The frequently-used microfabrication technologies are electric discharge machining, photoetching, LIGA and laser fabrication, et al. Micro structures may be fabricated by these technologies. The polymerization principle of two-photon of femtosecond laser is different from that of single-photon. Photoinitiator of photosensing material absorbs two photons simultaneously to accomplish energy level transition and to induce the material to occur photochemical reaction. For the material absorbing two photons, the energy of each photon is equivalent to half of the energy that needed by the material transiting from ground state to excited state. It is also equal to half of the energy needed by the material occurring single-photon absorption. Therefore, the photonic frequency of two-photon excitation light source is half of the single-photon light source. According to two-photon fabrication principle, machining system of two-photon of femtosecond laser is set up. Which includes light path transmission equipment, three dimensional micro displacement scanning stage and control software, et al. Involute micro gear is fabricated by two-photon of femtosecond laser generated by the system.

scholarly journals Divergent excitation two photon microscopy for 3D random access mesoscale imaging at single cell resolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
FK Janiak ◽  
P Bartel ◽  
MR Bale ◽  
T Yoshimatsu ◽  
E Komulainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Excitation

ABSTACTIn neuroscience, diffraction limited two-photon (2P) microscopy is a cornerstone technique that permits minimally invasive optical monitoring of neuronal activity. However, most conventional 2P microscopes impose significant constraints on the size of the imaging field-of-view and the specific shape of the effective excitation volume, thus limiting the scope of biological questions that can be addressed and the information obtainable. Here, employing ‘divergent beam optics’ (DBO), we present an ultra-low-cost, easily implemented and flexible solution to address these limitations, offering a several-fold expanded three-dimensional field of view that also maintains single-cell resolution. We show that this implementation increases both the space-bandwidth product and effective excitation power, and allows for straight-forward tailoring of the point-spread-function. Moreover, rapid laser-focus control via an electrically tunable lens now allows near-simultaneous imaging of remote regions separated in three dimensions and permits the bending of imaging planes to follow natural curvatures in biological structures. Crucially, our core design is readily implemented (and reversed) within a matter of hours, and fully compatible with a wide range of existing 2P customizations, making it highly suitable as a base platform for further development. We demonstrate the application of our system for imaging neuronal activity in a variety of examples in mice, zebrafish and fruit flies.

High-density three-dimensional optical data storage in a stacked compact disk format with two-photon writing and single photon readout

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1338-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haridas E. Pudavar ◽  
Mukesh P. Joshi ◽  
Paras N. Prasad ◽  
Bruce A. Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optical Data Storage ◽  
High Density ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Compact Disk ◽  
Two Photon

Low-cost and compact 3D circularly polarized Microstrip antenna with high efficiency and wide beamwidth

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1533-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Chen ◽  
Zhen Wei ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
Long Yang ◽  
Guang Fu
Keyword(s):  
Microstrip Antenna ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Ratio ◽  
Impedance Bandwidth ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Circularly Polarized

A compact three-dimensional (3D) circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna adopts three low-cost printed circuit boards to form an integrated and closed 3D structure, and the radiation patch and the feed patches are etched on the surface of that. A crossed slot is cut on the radiation patch to miniaturize the antenna, and triangular feed patches are introduced to increase the bandwidths. In addition, because of the utilization of a low-loss series feed line, the antenna has a high efficiency of more than 95%. A prototype of the antenna is measured to validate the method. The dimensions of the antenna is 0.064λ × 0.36λ (λ is the wavelength in free space at 1.2 GHz). The results indicate that the impedance bandwidth for voltage standing wave ratio ≤ 2 reaches 23%, and the bandwidth for axial ratio (AR) ≤ 3 dB reaches 10.1%. In the overlap band, the gains are > 4.5dBic. Additionally, the 3 dB beamwidth is more than 114°, and the beamwidth for AR ≤ 3 dB is more than 131° at 1.2 GHz.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional ultrastructural imaging reveals the nanoscale architecture of mammalian cells

IUCrJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengkun Yao ◽  
Jiadong Fan ◽  
Zhiyun Chen ◽  
Yunbing Zong ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Antitumour Activity ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Large Size

Knowledge of the interactions between nanomaterials and large-size mammalian cells, including cellular uptake, intracellular localization and translocation, has greatly advanced nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. Imaging techniques that can locate nanomaterials within the structures of intact large-size cells at nanoscale resolution play crucial roles in acquiring this knowledge. Here, the quantitative imaging of intracellular nanomaterials in three dimensions was performed by combining dual-energy contrast X-ray microscopy and an iterative tomographic algorithm termed equally sloped tomography (EST). Macrophages with a size of ∼20 µm that had been exposed to the potential antitumour agent [Gd@C82(OH)22]nwere investigated. Large numbers of nanoparticles (NPs) aggregated within the cell and were mainly located in phagosomes. No NPs were observed in the nucleus. Imaging of the nanomedicine within whole cells advanced the understanding of the high-efficiency antitumour activity and the low toxicity of this agent. This imaging technique can be used to probe nanomaterials within intact large-size cells at nanometre resolution uniformly in three dimensions and may greatly benefit the fields of nanomedicine and nanotoxicology.

scholarly journals Combining Interference Lithography and Two-Photon Lithography for Fabricating Large-Area Photonic Crystal Structures with Controlled Defects

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6559
Author(s):  
Hongsub Jee ◽  
Min-Joon Park ◽  
Kiseok Jeon ◽  
Chaehwan Jeong ◽  
Jaehyeong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interference Lithography ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Regular Array ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Regular Structures ◽  
Patterned Structures ◽  
Fast Processing

Interference lithography is a promising method for fabricating large-area, defect-free three-dimensional photonic crystal structures which can be used for facilitating the realization of photonic devices with a fast processing time. Although they can be used in waveguides, resonators, and detectors, their repeated regular array patterns can only be used for limited applications. In this study, we demonstrate a method for fabricating large-area photonic crystal structures with controlled defects by combining interference lithography and two-photon lithography using a light-curable resin. By combining regular array structures and controlled patterns, monotonous but large-area regular structures can be obtained. Furthermore, the patterned structures have considerable potential for use in various applications, such as solar cells, sensors, photodetectors, micro-/nano-electronics, and cell growth.

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