scholarly journals Frost Risk and Rural Insurance in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Bastos Braga ◽  
Hewlley Maria Acioli Imbuzeiro ◽  
Gabrielle Ferreira Pires ◽  
Lais Rosa de Oliveira ◽  
Rodney Alves Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Frost Risk

Abstract In developing countries, such as Brazil, farmers are susceptible to extreme events.The Brazilian federal government created insurance programs to mitigate extreme event effects, such as frost, called “Programa de Subvenção ao Prêmio do Seguro Rural”. Frost is an atmospheric phenomenon that causes damage to plants due to low temperatures that exceed their resistance to freezing. This paper seeks to verify the risk level of frost in Brazil, connecting this information with farmers, who contracted Rural Insurance to protect themselves from this extreme event. To reduce possible biases in calculating the frost probability, this study uses two climatological databases. The majority of the Brazilian territory has very low probabilities of this phenomenon occurring. In the databases used to verify the probability of a temperature below 2 °C, the data proposed by Sheffield paper, show that, in part of the Brazilian territory, there is less chance of frost than Xavier's data. Regardless of the database used, in Brazil, there are farmers who contract frost insurance in areas where the risks are close to zero.

scholarly journals Panel Data Approach of the Firm’s Value Determinants: Evidence from the Jordanian Industrial Firms

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Imad Zeyad Ramadan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Industrial Firms ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Book Value ◽  
Main Determinants

<p class="zhengwen">This study aimed to investigate the main determinants of the industrial firms' value in developing countries namely Jordan. To achieve this goal all 77 ASE listed industrial firms for the period from 2000 to 2014 were utilized resulting in 974 firm-year observations. Twelve firm specific variables, namely, firm's size; firm's age; firm's risk level; firm's sales revenue; firm's operating cost; firm's tax rate; firm's net margin; firm's capital expenditure; firm's book value; firm's earning per share; firm's dividend per share and firm's pay-out ratio, were tested as a possible determinates of the firm's value.  After testing for Multicollinearity and Heteroscedasticity the result of the unbalanced panel data Multi-regression model approach shows that the joint effect of the twelve potential determinants interprets about 37% of the variation in the value of the Jordanian industrial firms listed at ASE (R-squares = 0.3682), therefore, firm's in developing countries like Jordan should concentrate on these specific variables of the firms in order to improve the value and thus the wealth of the shareholders<strong>. </strong></p>Another finding of the study is that the firm's risk level and tax rate are not statistically significant drivers of the Jordanian industrial firm's value. The findings of the effect of firm's risk level and tax rate on the firm's value were contrary with Tiwari Ranjit et al (2015) and Rappaport (1998) respectively.

Interpretation of irradiation-induced changes in electron diffractograms and images of extinction contours at low temperatures

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
E. Knapek ◽  
H. Formanek ◽  
G. Lefranc ◽  
I. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Organic Crystals ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Lens System ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Thin Carbon ◽  
Electron Diffractograms ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Induced Changes

A few years ago results on cryoprotection of L-valine were reported, where the values of the critical fluence De i.e, the electron exposure which decreases the intensity of the diffraction reflections by a factor e, amounted to the order of 2000 + 1000 e/nm2. In the meantime a discrepancy arose, since several groups published De values between 100 e/nm2 and 1200 e/nm2 /1 - 4/. This disagreement and particularly the wide spread of the results induced us to investigate more thoroughly the behaviour of organic crystals at very low temperatures during electron irradiation.For this purpose large L-valine crystals with homogenuous thickness were deposited on holey carbon films, thin carbon films or Au-coated holey carbon films. These specimens were cooled down to nearly liquid helium temperature in an electron microscope with a superconducting lens system and irradiated with 200 keU-electrons. The progress of radiation damage under different preparation conditions has been observed with series of electron diffraction patterns and direct images of extinction contours.

Radiation Damage of Support Films

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Contrast Transfer Function ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Imaging Parameters ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Phase Corrections ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Medium Dose

The goal of imaging the finest detail possible in biological specimens leads to contradictory requirements for the choice of an electron dose. The dose should be as low as possible to minimize object damage, yet as high as possible to optimize image statistics. For specimens that are protected by low temperatures or for which the low resolution associated with negative stain is acceptable, the first condition may be partially relaxed, allowing the use of (for example) 6 to 10 e/Å2. However, this medium dose is marginal for obtaining the contrast transfer function (CTF) of the microscope, which is necessary to allow phase corrections to the image. We have explored two parameters that affect the CTF under medium dose conditions.Figure 1 displays the CTF for carbon (C, row 1) and triafol plus carbon (T+C, row 2). For any column, the images to which the CTF correspond were from a carbon covered hole (C) and the adjacent triafol plus carbon support film (T+C), both recorded on the same micrograph; therefore the imaging parameters of defocus, illumination angle, and electron statistics were identical.

In situ Tensile Experiments at Low Temperatures on Niobium Single Crystals by H.V.E.M.

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
F. H. Louchet ◽  
L. P. Kubin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Slip System ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Tensile Axis ◽  
Image Intensifier ◽  
Screw Dislocations ◽  
Source Operation

Experiments have been carried out on the 3 MeV electron microscope in Toulouse. The low temperature straining holder has been previously described Images given by an image intensifier are recorded on magnetic tape.The microtensile niobium samples are cut in a plane with the two operative slip directions [111] and lying in the foil plane. The tensile axis is near [011].Our results concern:- The transition temperature of niobium near 220 K: at this temperature and below an increasing difference appears between the mobilities of the screw and edge portions of dislocations loops. Source operation and interactions between screw dislocations of different slip system have been recorded.

Ultrastructure of the soil fungus, Geomyces pannorus

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 738-739
Author(s):  
J. A. Traquair ◽  
E. G. Kokko
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Scanning Electron

With the advent of improved dehydration techniques, scanning electron microscopy has become routine in anatomical studies of fungi. Fine structure of hyphae and spore surfaces has been illustrated for many hyphomycetes, and yet, the ultrastructure of the ubiquitous soil fungus, Geomyces pannorus (Link) Sigler & Carmichael has been neglected. This presentation shows that scanning and transmission electron microscopical data must be correlated in resolving septal structure and conidial release in G. pannorus.Although it is reported to be cellulolytic but not keratinolytic, G. pannorus is found on human skin, animals, birds, mushrooms, dung, roots, and frozen meat in addition to various organic soils. In fact, it readily adapts to growth at low temperatures.

Structure and Orientation of As Precipitates in LT-MBE Grown GaAs

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 900-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Claverie ◽  
Zuzanna Liliental-Weber
Keyword(s):  
Transport Properties ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Crystalline Quality ◽  
Insulating Properties ◽  
Lt Gaas

GaAs layers grown by MBE at low temperatures (in the 200°C range, LT-GaAs) have been reported to have very interesting electronic and transport properties. Previous studies have shown that, before annealing, the crystalline quality of the layers is related to the growth temperature. Lowering the temperature or increasing the layer thickness generally results in some columnar polycrystalline growth. For the best “temperature-thickness” combinations, the layers may be very As rich (up to 1.25%) resulting in an up to 0.15% increase of the lattice parameter, consistent with the excess As. Only after annealing are the technologically important semi-insulating properties of these layers observed. When annealed in As atmosphere at about 600°C a decrease of the lattice parameter to the substrate value is observed. TEM studies show formation of precipitates which are supposed to be As related since the average As concentration remains almost unchanged upon annealing.

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