scholarly journals Critical limits of soil penetration resistance in a rhodic Eutrudox

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Reimar Carlesso ◽  
Julio Cezar Franchini ◽  
Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Physical Quality

Soil penetration resistance is an important indicator of soil physical quality and the critical limit of 2 MPa has been widely used to characterize the soil physical quality, in both no-tillage and conventional systems. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of different tillage and cropping systems on the soil penetration resistance in a Rhodic Eutrudox. The experiment was carried out in a 5 × 2 factorial, completely randomized block design (tillage systems vs cropping systems), with four replications. The tillage systems consisted of: conventional tillage disk harrow; minimum tillage with annual chiseling; minimum tillage with chiseling every three years; no-tillage for 11 consecutive years; and no-tillage for 24 consecutive years. The factor cropping systems was represented by: crop rotation and crop succession. The soil penetration resistance (SPR) was determined in 20 soil samples per treatment and layer (0.0-0.10; 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m) for each soil matric potential: -6, -10, -33, -100, -500 kPa. The SPR was determined at a volumetric soil water content equivalent to the fraction of plant-available water of 0.7. There were no differences of soil penetration resistance between the two cropping systems. Differences in soil penetration resistance among tillage systems were related to the matric potential at which the samples were equilibrated. The critical SPR limit of 2 MPa normally used for conventional tillage should be maintained. However, this value of 2 MPa is inappropriate for the physical quality characterization of Rhodic Eutrudox under no-tillage and/or minimum tillage with chiseling. Regardless of the cropping systems, the critical SPR limit should be raised to 3 MPa for minimum tillage with chiseling and to 3.5 MPa for no-tillage.

scholarly journals Impact of tillage on physical characteristics in a Mollisol of Northeast China

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen XW ◽  
Liang AZ ◽  
Jia SX ◽  
Zhang XP ◽  
Wei SC
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Physical Quality ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Soil management is aimed at the maintenance of optimal soil physical quality for crop production. In order to explore the effects of tillage practices on soil physical properties, a study was conducted to compare the effects of no tillage (NT), moldboard plow (MP) and ridge tillage (RT) on soil bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (SPR), soil water content (SWC), soil macroporosity (MAC) and soil air-filled porosity (AFP) in Northeast China. Results showed that both NT and RT led to significant BD increment than MP at 0&ndash;20 cm (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with MP, NT and RT increased SPR at the depths of 2.5&ndash;17.5 cm (P &lt; 0.05). SWC of 0&ndash;10 cm layer was significantly higher in NT and RT than MP soils (P &lt; 0.05). NT showed a significantly lower MAC than MP and RT at 0&ndash;20 cm soil depths (P &lt; 0.05). All AFP values were above the limit of 0.10 cm<sup>3</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup> under all tillage treatments. RT improved the soil physical quality as evidenced by decreased BD and SPR, and increased SWC, MAC and AFP relative to NT.

Effect of tillage system and crop sequence on irrigated sugarbeet production

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Moyer ◽  
J. Nitschelm ◽  
P. Regitnig ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
H. C. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Tillage System

Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) are grown on intensively tilled-irrigated land in southern Alberta, which is subject to soil erosion by wind. Experiments were conducted on commercial fields near Burdett, AB, to determine the effect of the tillage system and previous crops on sugarbeet production. The previous crops were dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and the tillage systems were conventional (moldboard plow, vibrashank cultivator, harrow, packer), minimum (double disc, self-cleaning harrow, glyphosate) or no tillage (glyphosate). After dry beans, sugarbeet fresh weight and extractable sugar yields were similar with all tillage systems. All of the tillage systems left less than 100 g m-2 of plant residue on the soil surface in the spring following dry beans, which is insufficient to protect the soil from wind erosion. After wheat, sugarbeet yields were similar with minimum and conventional tillage but lower with no tillage. Both minimum and no-tillage systems left sufficient plant residue on the soil surface to protect the soil from erosion (> 200 g m-2). Sugarbeet stand density following wheat was lower with no tillage than conventional or minimum tillage, reflecting poor seed placement and daily maximum soil temperature (5 cm depth) of up to 10°C lower under no tillage than conventional tillage. After wheat, there was a trend toward lower densities of hard-seeded annuals, such as redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), after no tillage than conventional tillage. Of the cropping systems tested in this study, only the minimum tillage system after wheat provided optimum sugarbeet yield and left enough plant residue to protect the soil from wind erosion. Key words: Crop rotation, bean, wheat, sugarbeet, no-tillage

scholarly journals Effects of Two Cropping and Two Tillage Systems and Pesticides on Peanut Pest Management1

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Minton ◽  
A. S. Csinos ◽  
R. E. Lynch ◽  
T. B. Brenneman
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Minimum Tillage

Abstract In one or more years of a 3-year study, white mold (Sclerotium rolfsii) and Rhizoctonia limb rot (Rhizoctonia solani) damaged peanuts less in a wheat-peanut than in the fallow-peanut cropping system, but velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) damage was less in the fallow-peanut. Thrips (Frankliniella fusca) and Rhizoctonia limb rot damage was less in minimum tillage than in conventional tillage but root-knot nematode (Melodogyne arenaria) damage was less in conventional tillage. Aldicarb reduced root-knot and lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus), thrips, and potato leafhopper (Empoascafabae) damage, but increased numbers of three cornered alfalfa hoppers (Spissistilus festinus) and velvetbean caterpillar damage. Flutolanil reduced white mold and Rhizocotonia limb rot damage. There was a high negative correlation (P=0.0001) of number of white mold loci with yield (r=-0.70). Rhizoctonia limb rot, gall and lesion indices and number of lesion nematodes in the soil were also negatively correlated with yield, but at low levels. Cropping systems did not affect peanut yields; however, tillage systems and nematicide/insecticide and fungicide treatments had major effects. Mean yield in conventional-tillage plots were greater than in minimum-tillage plots for the control and each chemical treatment. Mean yields were 11.1%, 55.9%, and 77.3% greater than control of aldicarb, flutolanil, and aldicarb plus flutolanil treatments, respectively, across cropping systems, tillage systems, and years.

scholarly journals Soil Physical Quality in Sugarcane Field Under Cover Crop and Different Soil Tillage Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
C. V. V. Farhate ◽  
Z. M. Souza ◽  
W. S. Guimarães Jr ◽  
A. C. M. Sousa ◽  
M. C. C. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Soil Physical Quality ◽  
Incremental Rate ◽  
The Impact

Currently, the management practices employed in Brazilian sugarcane plantations have contribute to soil physical degradation and, few studies considering the effect of cover crop associated with conservationist soil tillage systems to control or even reverse this process. Therefore, with the aim to assess the impact of cover crop and tillage systems on the least limiting water range (LLWR) and the S index in two soils of different textures used for sugarcane production, a fieldwork was carried out in two sugarcane plantations in the state of S&atilde;o Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design is a split-plot with four repetitions. The main factor consisted of soil cover vegetation: cover crop and fallow, and the second factor, the tillage system: minimum tillage and conventional tillage. The data of this study demonstrated that clayey and medium-textured soil are sensitive to the management systems used. The use of cover crop promoted an increase of LLWR (average incremental rate of 105% for clayey and 100% for medium-textured soil) and S index (average incremental rate of 16% for clayey and 10% for medium-textured soil). The maintenance of soil under fallow represented restrictive conditions for the growth/development of the plants due to the degradation of the soil structure. In addition, conservation management systems, such as minimum tillage, resulted in better soil physical quality when associated with cover crop. Finally, the clayey and medium-textured soil, show good S index during the first cycle of sugarcane cultivation.

scholarly journals Weed Seedbank Community Composition in a 35-Year-Old Tillage and Rotation Experiment

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 845C-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Marie Sosnoskie* ◽  
John Cardina ◽  
Catherine Papp Herms ◽  
Matthew Kleinhenz
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Species Number ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Long Term Study

Community composition of the soil seedbank were characterized 35 years after the implementation of a long-term study involving cropping sequences (continuous corn, corn-soybean, corn-oat-hay) and tillage systems (conventional-, minimum- and no-tillage). Germinable seeds within the top 10 cm of soil in early spring were identified and enumerated in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Species diversity, which was characterized by richness (S), evenness (E) and the Shannon-Weiner index (H'), was significantly influenced by crop rotation rather than tillage. Generally, diversity measures were greatest in the corn-oat-hay sequences as compared to the corn-soybean rotations and the corn monoculture. Species richness and H' typically declined with increasing soil disturbance (no-tillage > minimum-tillage > conventional-tillage), whereas E increased with more intense tillage. A synthetic importance value (RI), incorporating both density and frequency measures, was generated for each species in each plot. Multiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) were used to examine differences in weed community composition with respect to management system for all three years. Results suggest that the weed seed community in a corn-oat-hay rotational system differs substantially, in structure and composition, from communities associated with continuous corn and corn-soybean systems. No tillage systems were significantly different in composition as compared to conventional tillage and minimum tillage treatments. Crop sequence and tillage system are important cultural methods of shifting weed species number and diversity, and therefore, community structure. Manipulation of these factors could help to reduce the negative impact of weeds on crop production.

scholarly journals Influence of Tillage Method on Management ofAmaranthusSpecies in Soybean

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Farmer ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley ◽  
Bryan G. Young ◽  
Lawrence E. Steckel ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Deep Tillage ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Tillage Method ◽  
Residual Herbicide ◽  
Herbicide Programs

A field study was conducted in 2014 and 2015 in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Wisconsin, and Missouri to determine the effects of tillage system and herbicide program on season-long emergence ofAmaranthusspecies in glufosinate-resistant soybean. The tillage systems evaluated were deep tillage (fall moldboard plow followed by (fb) one pass with a field cultivator in the spring), conventional tillage (fall chisel plow fb one pass with a field cultivator in the spring), minimum tillage (one pass of a vertical tillage tool in the spring), and no-tillage (PRE application of paraquat). Each tillage system also received one of two herbicide programs; PRE application of flumioxazin (0.09 kg ai ha–1) fb a POST application of glufosinate (0.59 kg ai ha−1) plusS-metolachlor (1.39 kg ai ha–1), or POST-only applications of glufosinate (0.59 kg ha−1). The deep tillage system resulted in a 62, 67, and 73% reduction inAmaranthusemergence when compared to the conventional, minimum, and no-tillage systems, respectively. The residual herbicide program also resulted in an 87% reduction inAmaranthusspecies emergence compared to the POST-only program. The deep tillage system, combined with the residual program, resulted in a 97% reduction inAmaranthusspecies emergence when compared to the minimum tillage system combined with the POST-only program, which had the highestAmaranthusemergence. Soil cores taken prior to planting and herbicide application revealed that only 28% of theAmaranthusseed in the deep tillage system was placed within the top 5-cm of the soil profile compared to 79, 81, and 77% in the conventional, minimum, and no-tillage systems. Overall, the use of deep tillage with a residual herbicide program provided the greatest reduction inAmaranthusspecies emergence, thus providing a useful tool in managing herbicide-resistantAmaranthusspecies where appropriate.

Effects of selected conditioners and tillage on the physical quality of a clay loam soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Reynolds ◽  
X. M. Yang ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
T. Q. Zhang ◽  
C. S. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Swine Manure ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Soil Physical Quality

Field-crop yields are below their genetic and climatic potentials on many fine-textured soils due to low organic carbon content (OC), high bulk density (ρb), low hydraulic conductivity (Ks), insufficient air capacity (AC) and low plant-available water capacity (PAWC). Although soil conditioners derived from municipal, agricultural and industrial wastes are frequently used to improve soils, their effects on overall soil physical quality are still poorly understood. Hence, the objective of this laboratory soil core study was to determine for a Brookston clay loam the effectiveness of masonry sand, greenhouse rockwool waste, yard waste compost and swine manure compost for improving soil physical quality relative to “ideal” levels proposed in the literature, and relative to “benchmark” levels found in the soil under virgin conditions, long-term conventional tillage and long-term no-tillage. The virgin soil produced near-surface (0.05–0.15 m depth) values for ρb(0.88 Mg m-3), AC (0.19 m3m-3) and PAWC (0.22 m3m-3) that fell within the optimal ranges proposed in the literature, while OC (68.2 g C kg-1) was slightly above optimal. The soil under long-term conventional tillage and no-tillage (cornsoybean rotation) produced below-optimal organic carbon content (21.9–22.5 g C kg-1), excessive ρb (1.45–1.47 Mg m-3), insufficient AC (0.06 m3m-3) and low PAWC (0.14–0.19 m3m-3). Conventional tillage also produced below-optimal Ks (10−6 m s-1). Each conditioner could improve one or more of the above parameters, but not all five. Adding sand at 20–100 wt. % improved AC, but caused excessive reductions in OC and PAWC, and excessive increases in ρb and Ks. Greenhouse rockwool waste added at 2.5–10 wt. % improved AC and ρb, but did not improve OC and PAWC. Yard waste compost added at 3.8–20 wt. % improved OC, ρb and PAWC, but did not improve AC. Adding swine manure compost at 3.8–20 wt. % improved OC and ρb, but did not improve AC or PAWC, and decreased Ks. As no single conditioner could optimize all soil physical quality parameters, future studies using combinations of conditioners are proposed. Key words: Soil physical quality, tillage, soil conditioners, clay loam, sand, rockwool, compos

scholarly journals Physical quality of an Oxisol cultivated with maize submited to cover crops in the pre-cropping period

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana de Souza Pereira ◽  
Itamar Andrioli ◽  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
Cinara Xavier de Almeida ◽  
Faber de Souza Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Soil Physical Quality ◽  
Tillage System

The intensive use of land alters the distribution of the pore size which imparts consequences on the soil physical quality. The Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) allows for the visualization of the effects of management systems upon either the improvement or the degradation of the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical quality of a Red Latosol (Oxisol) submited to cover crops in the period prior to the maize crop in a no-tillage and conventional tillage system, using porosity, soil bulk density and the LLWR as attributes. The treatments were: conventional tillage (CT) and a no-tillage system with the following cover crops: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) (NS), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) (NP) and lablab (Dolichos lablab L.) (NL). The experimental design was randomized blocks in subdivided plots with six replications, with the plots being constituted by the treatments and the subplots by the layers analyzed. The no-tillage systems showed higher total porosity and soil organic matter at the 0-0.5 m layer for the CT. The CT did not differ from the NL or NS in relation to macroporosity. The NP showed the greater porosity, while CT and NS presented lower soil bulk density. No < 10 % airing porosity was found for the treatments evaluated, and value for water content where soil aeration is critical (θPA) was found above estimated water content at field capacity (θFC) for all densities. Critical soil bulk density was of 1.36 and 1.43 Mg m-3 for NP and CT, respectively. The LLWR in the no-tillage systems was limited in the upper part by the θFC, and in the bottom part, by the water content from which soil resistance to penetration is limiting (θPR). By means of LLWR it was observed that the soil presented good physical quality.

scholarly journals Sampled Soil Volume Effect on Soil Physical Quality Determination: A Case Study on Conventional Tillage and No-Tillage of the Soil under Winter Wheat

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Mirko Castellini ◽  
Luisa Giglio ◽  
Francesca Modugno
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Soil Physical Quality ◽  
Soil Volume ◽  
Air Capacity ◽  
The Impact

Sampled soil volume is a main experimental factor which must be properly considered to obtain a reliable estimation of soil physical quality (SPQ) and, thus, to obtain credible evaluation of the impact of a conservative-conventional soil management system on the soil air–water relationship. In this investigation, two ring sizes were used to sample two fine textured soils and soil management for durum wheat cultivation, namely, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT). The soil water retention was determined; soil bulk density (BD), macroporosity (MACpor), air capacity (AC), and relative field capacity (RFC) were estimated to assess the soil physical quality indicators, in agreement with the guidelines suggested in the literature. The main results showed that the sampling volume of the soil affected the soil water retention estimation (θ) and, consequently, affected the SPQ estimation, given that (i) higher θ values (by a factor 1.11 as mean) were generally obtained with a large diameter than a small one; these differences decreased (by a factor 1.20, 1.10 and 1.03) as the imposed pressure head value decreased (respectively, at h = 0, −10 and −100 cm); (ii) among SPQ indicators considered, soil volume samples seemed to impact the BD–RFC estimation more than AC–MACpor, as statistical differences were identified only in the former case; iii) NT soil was significantly more compact, and had lower macroporosity or air capacity, when compared with CT; at the time of sampling, the mean SPQ was always poor for AC–RFC, or optimal for BD, regardless of soil management, and it was intermediate or poor when the MACpor was evaluated under CT or NT. This study contributes toward understanding the impact of soil management on soil physical properties in Mediterranean agro-environments.

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