Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Euphorbia heterophylla Biotypes and their Relation to Cross Resistance to ALS and Protox Inhibitors

ABSTRACT: The characteristics of multiple resistance in Euphorbia heterophylla biotypes to herbicides that are inhibitors of ALS (Acetolactate synthase) and PPO (Protoporphyrinogen oxidase) and their responsible mechanisms are still not completely elucidated. The objectives of this study were to identify cross-resistance to herbicides from different chemical groups of ALS inhibitors (imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidyl benzoates and sulfonanilides) and also PPO inhibitors (diphenylethers, phthalamides, oxadiazoles, triazolinones and pyrimidinediones) in E. heterophylla biotypes with multiple resistance to these herbicides; to analyze whether the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) constitute mechanisms that are responsible for the resistance to PPO inhibitors. Initially, the response to doses of herbicides from these different chemical groups was determined, using doses below and above the one recommended for the species. The control of E. heterophylla was determined, estimating the required doses for a 50 and 80% control reduction and calculating the resistance factors. The constitutive and induced activities of the SOD and POD enzymes were also determined. The results confirmed cross-resistance for all chemical groups of ALS and PPO inhibitors in the Bom Sucesso do Sul and Vitorino biotypes. The constitutive and induced activities of the SOD and POD enzymes were superior in plants from the E. heterophylla biotypes Vitorino and Bom Sucesso do Sul, contributing to their resistance to PPO inhibiting herbicides.

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Acetolactate synthase activity in Euphorbia heterophylla resistant to ALS- and protox- inhibiting herbicides

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582013000400013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 867-874 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

E. Xavier ◽

M.C. Oliveira ◽

M.M. Trezzi ◽

R.A. Vidal ◽

F. Diesel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Resistance Factors ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

High Inhibitory Effect

The objective of this study was to determine the activity of the enzyme acetolactate synthase in biotypes of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) with multiple resistance to ALS- and Protox- inhibitors in the presence and absence of imazapyr, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron. We conducted in vitro assay of ALS enzyme extracted from plants of Vitorino, Bom Sucesso do Sul and Medianeira biotypes (with multiple resistance) and a susceptible population in the absence and presence of imazapyr, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron. In the absence of herbicides, biotypes with multiple resistance showed higher affinity for the substrate of the enzyme compared with the susceptible population. The herbicides imazapyr, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron had little effect on the enzyme activity of ALS-resistant biotypes and, conversely, high inhibitory effect on ALS of the susceptible population. Resistance factors were very high, greater than 438, 963 and 474 for Vitorino, Bom Sucesso do Sul and Medianeira biotypes, respectively. The resistance to ALS inhibitors is due to the insensitivity of ALS to herbicides of both imidazolinone and sulfonylurea groups, characterizing a cross-resistance.

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INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE INHIBITOR HERBICIDES IN WILD POINSETTIA

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582016340300018 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 575-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A.P. BRUSAMARELLO ◽

P.H. OLIVEIRA ◽

M.M. TREZZI ◽

E. XAVIER ◽

E.D. DALOSTO

Keyword(s):

Single Gene ◽

Nuclear Gene ◽

Female Parent ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Oxidase Inhibitor ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽

First Case ◽

Resistance To Herbicides ◽

F1 Generation

ABSTRACT Weed resistance to herbicides is a major global problem for agriculture. In recent years, the increased use of herbicides, without proper planning, has led to a large increase in the number of cases of weed biotypes that are resistant to one or more herbicide mechanism of action. Wild poinsettia biotypes (Euphorbia heterophylla), discovered in the State of Paraná, with resistance to herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) and acetolactate synthase (ALS), are the first case to exhibit multiple resistance in Brazil. This study analyzed the genetic inheritance of PROTOX inhibiting herbicide resistance in E. heterophylla. Crosses were conducted between biotypes that were susceptible (female parent) and those carrying multiple resistance to ALS and PROTOX inhibitors (male parent) to obtain the F1 generation. Backcrosses were performed (RC1 and RC2) and the F1 generation was advanced to F2. F1, F2, RC1, RC2 generation plants and their parents were subjected to applications of the herbicide fomesafen (250 g i.a. ha-1). The observed frequencies in the F2 generation were not different from the expected frequency of 3:1. All RC2 individuals were resistant, while the RC1 population showed a 1:1 segregation, which would be expected when a single gene controls the trait. Thus, it can be inferred that E. heterophylla resistance to PROTOX-inhibiting herbicides is conditioned by a single and dominant nuclear gene.

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Multiple-and Cross-Resistance of Amaranthus retroflexus to Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) and Photosystem II (PSII) Inhibiting Herbicides in Preemergence

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Author(s):

A. FRANCISCHINI ◽

J. CONSTANTIN ◽

R.S. OLIVEIRA JR ◽

H.K. TAKANO ◽

R.R. MENDES

Keyword(s):

Photosystem Ii ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Dose Response ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Application Rates ◽

Als Inhibitors

ABSTRACT: Herbicide resistance in Amaranthus genus occurs frequently around the word and has become a big problem in cotton producing areas. The objective of this work was to evaluate cross-and multiple-resistance of redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus) to herbicides used in preemergence in cotton fields in Brazil. Seven dose-response experiments were conducted with herbicides atrazine, prometryn, diuron, S-metolachlor, trifluralin, trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium, and the treatments consisted of application rates of 0, ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 4 times the recommended label rate. Eight A. retroflexus byotipes with suspect of resistance were sampled for experiments in three brazilian states of cotton producing. Resistance to prometryn was confirmed for one biotype in Goiás (GO), and one biotype from Mato Grosso (MT) showed cross-resistance to atrazine and prometryn. One byotipe from GO was identified with cross-resistance to trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium. One of the GO samples was identified with multiple resistance to prometryn and ALS inhibitors, another one to atrazine and ALS inhibitors, while MT byotipe was confirmed with multiple resistance to triazines and pyrithiobac. The herbicides S-metolachlor, diuron, and trifluralin were efficient for control of this species, therefore, they can be used as managment alternative in those regions.

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Molecular basis of multiple resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase and acetolactate synthase in American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne) from China

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp16109 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (11) ◽

pp. 1208 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lang Pan ◽

Haitao Gao ◽

Han Wu ◽

Liyao Dong

Keyword(s):

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Homozygous Mutation ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

Wheat Field ◽

Sequence Method ◽

Resistance To Herbicides ◽

Als Inhibitors

American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne Steud.) is a problematic grass that is widely distributed in wheat and oilseed rape fields in China. The herbicides fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and mesosulfuron-methyl failed to control B. syzigachne JCWJ-R populations collected from a wheat field in Jiangsu Province. Dose-response experiments showed that JCWJ-R was resistant to the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (33.8-fold), haloxyfop-R-methyl (12.7-fold), clethodim (7.8-fold) and pinoxaden (11.6-fold), and to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors mesosulfuron-methyl (15.9-fold), pyroxsulam (17.6-fold), flucarbazone-Na (10.7-fold) and imazethapyr (7-fold). Resistance to ALS inhibitors was due to a Pro-197-Ser mutation in the ALS gene and resistance to ACCase inhibitors was due to an Ile-1781-Leu mutation in the ACCase gene. A derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence method was developed to detect the ALS mutation in B. syzigachne. This was combined with a previously established method to detect Ile-1781-Leu, and the mutation frequency and homozygous mutation rates in the JCWJ-R population were determined. The evolution of multiple resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibitors in this B. syzigachne population indicated that alternative methods should be developed to control resistant weeds.

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Nontarget site resistance in Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri(S.) Wats.] confers cross-resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 349-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vijay K. Varanasi ◽

Chad Brabham ◽

Nicholas E. Korres ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy

Keyword(s):

Resistance Index ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽

First Case ◽

Sites Of Action ◽

Als Inhibitor ◽

Biomass Reduction

AbstractPalmer amaranth is one of the most problematic weeds in cropping systems of North America, especially in midsouthern United States, because of its competitive ability and propensity to evolve resistance to several herbicide sites of action. Previously, we confirmed and characterized the first case of nontarget site resistance (NTSR) to fomesafen in a Palmer amaranth accession from Randolph County, AR (RCA). The primary basis of the present study was to evaluate the cross- and multiple-resistance profile of the RCA accession. The fomesafen dose-response assay in the presence of malathion revealed a lower level of RCA resistance when compared with fomesafen alone. The resistance index of the RCA accession, based on 50% biomass reduction, ranged from 63-fold (fomesafen alone) to 22-fold (malathion plus fomesafen), when compared with a 2007 susceptible, and 476-fold and 167-fold, respectively, relative to a 1986 susceptible check. The RCA accession was resistant to other protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors (i.e., flumioxazin, acifluorfen, saflufenacil) as well as the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor tembotrione and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor pyrithiobac sodium. Sequencing of theALSgene revealed no point mutations, indicating that a target-site mechanism is not involved in conferring ALS-inhibitor resistance in the RCA accession. Of the three PPO-inhibiting herbicides tested in combination with the malathion, saflufenacil resulted in the greatest biomass reduction (80%;P< 0.05) and lowest survival rate (23%;P< 0.05) relative to nontreated plants. The application of cytochrome P450 or glutathioneS-transferase inhibitors with fomesafen did not lead to any adverse effects on soybean, suggesting a possible role for these compounds for management of NTSR under field conditions. These results shed light on the relative unpredictability of NTSR in conferring herbicide cross- and multiple resistance in Palmer amaranth.

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Multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)- and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) populations from Poland

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.1515/jppr-2016-0059 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 402-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kazimierz Adamczewski ◽

Roman Kierzek ◽

Kinga Matysiak

Keyword(s):

Coenzyme A ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Acetyl Coenzyme A ◽

Alopecurus Myosuroides ◽

Acetyl Coenzyme ◽

Resistance To Herbicides ◽

Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase ◽

Derivatives Of

AbstractAlopecurus myosuroides seeds were sampled from 32 winter wheat fields from 2010 to 2014. Resistance to herbicides was detected in 17 A. myosuroides populations. In addition to single resistance to herbicides, cross-resistance and multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)- and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides were found. Application of sulfometuron and imazapyr was unable to control some of the resistant biotypes in this study. This result implies that resistance in these populations is due to a target site mechanism. The A. myosuroides biotypes resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides varied in their responses to derivatives of aryloxy-phenoxy-propionic acid (FOPs), cyclohexanediones (DIMs) and phenylpyrazolines (DENs). Resistant biotypes of A. myosuroides that could not be controlled with fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (FOP) and pinoxaden (DEN) were controlled with clethodim (DIM).

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The Evidence for Reduced Glyphosate Efficacy on Acetolactate Synthase–Inhibiting Herbicide-Resistant Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-15-00182.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 389-398

Author(s):

Parsa Tehranchian ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Matheus Palhano ◽

Nicholas E. Korres ◽

Scott McElroy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Production Systems ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Epsps Gene ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Als Inhibitors

A yellow nutsedge biotype (Res) from an Arkansas rice field has evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. TheResbiotype previously exhibited cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors from four chemical families (imidazolinone, pyrimidinyl benzoate, sulfonylurea, and triazolopyrimidine). Experiments were conducted to evaluate alternative herbicides (i.e., glyphosate, bentazon, propanil, quinclorac, and 2,4-D) currently labeled in Arkansas rice–soybean production systems. Based on the percentage of aboveground dry weight reduction, control of the yellow nutsedge biotypes with the labeled rate of bentazon, propanil, quinclorac, and 2,4-D was < 44%. Glyphosate (867 g ae ha−1) resulted in 68 and > 94% control of theResand susceptible yellow nutsedge biotypes, respectively, at 28 d after treatment. Dose-response studies were conducted to estimate the efficacy of glyphosate on theResbiotype, three susceptible yellow nutsedge biotypes, and purple nutsedge. Based on the dry weights, theResbiotype was ≥ 5- and ≥ 1.3-fold less responsive to glyphosate compared to the susceptible biotypes and purple nutsedge, respectively. Differences in absorption and translocation of radiolabeled glyphosate were observed among the yellow nutsedge biotypes and purple nutsedge. The susceptible biotype had less14C-glyphosate radioactivity in the tissues above the treated leaf and greater radioactivity in tissues below the treated leaf compared to theResbiotype and purple nutsedge. Reduced translocation of glyphosate in tissues below the treated leaf of theResbiotype could be a reason for the lower glyphosate efficacy in theResbiotype. No amino acid substitution that would correspond to glyphosate resistance was found in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene of theResbiotype. However, an amino acid (serine) addition was detected in the EPSPS gene of theResbiotype; albeit, it is not believed that this addition contributes to lower efficacy of glyphosate in this biotype.

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Controlling Herbicide-Resistant Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Phenotypes with Methiozolin

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2017.13 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 470-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

James T. Brosnan ◽

Jose J. Vargas ◽

Gregory K. Breeden ◽

Sarah L. Boggess ◽

Margaret A. Staton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Target Site ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Microtubule Inhibitors ◽

Effective Option ◽

Target Site Resistance ◽

Susceptible Control ◽

Als Inhibitors

Methiozolin is an isoxazoline herbicide being investigated for selective POST annual bluegrass control in managed turfgrass. Research was conducted to evaluate methiozolin efficacy for controlling two annual bluegrass phenotypes with target-site resistance to photosystem II (PSII) or enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS)-inhibiting herbicides (i.e., glyphosate), as well as phenotypes with multiple resistance to microtubule and EPSPS or PSII and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. All resistant phenotypes were established in glasshouse culture along with a known herbicide-susceptible control and treated with methiozolin at 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, or 8000 g ai ha−1. Methiozolin effectively controlled annual bluegrass with target-site resistance to inhibitors of EPSPS, PSII, as well as multiple resistance to EPSPS and microtubule inhibitors. Methiozolin rates required to reduce aboveground biomass of these resistant phenotypes 50% (GR50 values) were not significantly different from the susceptible control, ranging from 159 to 421 g ha−1. A phenotype with target-site resistance to PSII and ALS inhibitors was less sensitive to methiozolin (GR50=862 g ha−1) than a susceptible phenotype (GR50=423 g ha−1). Our findings indicate that methiozolin is an effective option for controlling select annual bluegrass phenotypes with target-site resistance to several herbicides.

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In vitro and whole-plant magnitude and cross-resistance characterization of two imidazolinone-resistant sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) somatic cell selections

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500090123 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 24-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Terry R. Wright ◽

Donald Penner

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell ◽

Shoot Culture ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Shoot Cultures ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

Whole Plants ◽

Inhibitor Resistance ◽

Als Inhibitor

Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide carryover in soil can severely affect sugarbeets grown in the year(s) following application. Two newly developed imidazolinone-resistant (IMI-R) sugarbeet somatic cell selections (Sir-13 and 93R30B) were examined for magnitude of resistance and extent of cross-resistance to other classes of ALS inhibitors and compared to a previously developed sulfonylurea-resistant (SU-R) selection, Sur. In vitro shoot culture tests indicated Sir-13 resistance was specific to imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides at approximately a 100-fold resistance compared to the sensitive control sugarbeet. Sur was 10,000-fold resistant to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide, chlorsulfuron, and 40-fold resistant to the triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide (TP) herbicide, flumetsulam, but not cross-resistant to the IMI herbicides. 93R30B was selected for IMI-R from a plant homozygous for the SU-R allele,Sur, and displayed similar in vitro SU-R and TP-R as Sur, but also displayed a very high resistance to various IMI herbicides (400- to 3,600-fold). Compared to the sensitive control, Sir-13 was 300- and > 250-fold more resistant to imazethapyr and imazamox residues in soil, respectively. Response by whole plants to postemergence herbicide applications was similar to that observed in shoot cultures. Sir-13 exhibited > 100-fold resistance to imazethapyr as well as imazamox, and 93R30B showed > 250-fold resistance to both herbicides. 93R30B showed great enough resistance to imazamox to merit consideration of imazamox for use as a herbicide in these sugarbeets. Sir-13 showed a two- to threefold higher level of resistance in the homozygous vs. heterozygous state, indicating that like most ALS-inhibitor resistance traits, it was semidominantly inherited.

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Target site–based penoxsulam resistance in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) from China

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2019.5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 281-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiapeng Fang ◽

Tingting Liu ◽

Yuhua Zhang ◽

Jun Li ◽

Liyao Dong

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Sequence ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Target Site ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Predicted Amino Acid Sequence ◽

Sequence Analyses ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

Higher Sensitivity

AbstractBarnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] is acknowledged to be the most troublesome weed in rice fields in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China. It cannot be effectively controlled using certain acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, including penoxsulam. Echinochloa crus-galli samples with suspected resistance to penoxsulam were collected to identify the target site–based mechanism underlying this resistance. Populations AXXZ-2 and JNRG-2 showed 33- and 7.3-fold resistance to penoxsulam, respectively, compared with the susceptible JLGY-3 population. Cross-resistance to other ALS inhibitors was reported in AXXZ-2 but not in JNRG-2, and occasionally showed higher sensitivity than JLGY-3. In vitro ALS activity assays revealed that penoxsulam concentrations required to inhibit 50% of ALS activity were 11 and 5.2 times greater in AXXZ-2 and JNRG-2, respectively, than in JLGY-3. DNA and predicted amino acid sequence analyses of ALS revealed Ala-205-Val and Ala-122-Gly substitutions in AXXZ-2 and JNRG-2, respectively. Our results indicate that these substitutions in ALS are at least partially responsible for resistance to penoxsulam.

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