scholarly journals Poverty and the Millennium Development Goals

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-477
Author(s):  
G. J. Ebrahim

Poverty has been defined variously at different times in different countries. An early attempt in 1899 in Britain was based on resources necessary for survival. This subsistence standard definition has been used as a measuring rod in one form or another in different countries. For example, less than half the average income has been used as a measure in Britain, and minimum wage or multiples of it in Latin America, and so on. Unless a proper definition of poverty can be agreed attempts at its alleviation can have no target to aim for. Alleviation of poverty, though championed by political leaders of all types has proven to be difficult because equitable division of the national budget requires consensus which is not always forthcoming when the "haves" control the levers of power and the "have nots" must make do with what they get. Measuring collective poverty on a global scale has been attempted by several international agencies. The definition used by the World Bank is stark - "people who live on US $1 per day". According to this definition in the Year 2001 one billion people lived in poverty with consumption levels of US $1 or less per day, and 2.7 billion on less than US $2 per day. Now that more than half the world's population is living in cities, urban poverty is presenting a challenge in most developing countries. Within the physical environment of deprivation there develops a culture of poverty with its prevalence of disease, social disruption, violence in the home and outside, and dependence on drugs and alcohol. In the mind set of the urban poor risk taking behaviour is common. The main victims of deprivation are women and children, the aged and the infirm. Evidence is presented to show the stultifying effects on children growing up in poverty. Remedial action is an uphill task, expensive and not always successful. An awakening of social conscience globally brought about by the stark realities of the urban poor living cheek by jowl in close vicinity of affluence and conspicuous consumption has led enlightened world leaders and economists to mobilise public opinion. A meeting of world leaders held at UN headquarters in the Year 2000 proposed and agreed Millennium Development Goals. The goals address not only poverty per se but also its effects. The target date for achieving the Millennium Development Goals is set at Year 2015.Progress towards the target has been patchy and depends upon national political maturity.

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 229-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Alkire

How should actions to redress absolute human deprivation be framed?1 Current international coordinated actions on absolute poverty are framed by human rights or by goals such as the Millennium Development Goals. But appropriate, effective and sustained responses to needs require localized participation in the definition of those rights/goals/needs and in measures taken to redress them. Human rights or the MDGs do not seem necessarily to require such processes. For this reason some argue that no universal framework can describe economic, social, or cultural rights. Yet to address absolute poverty purely from the local perspective still requires the identification and prioritization of capabilities or needs, and often requires actions by greater-thanlocal institutions, so in practical terms a framework is not rejected without cost. This paper argues that the identification and prioritisation of rights or MDGs can and should be done at an international level, but that they might be framed as capabilities, and that far greater attention need be given to the iterative specification of these rights, and to the ongoing protection of certain agency freedoms. The paper explores how Wiggins' account of need can fruitfully inform the specification of needs claims. It also draws significantly on Sen's work to identify the intrinsic importance of process and opportunity freedoms, and to identify how these can relate to universal priorities.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmy Latifah

The purpose of this research is to understand the level of harmonization of poverty alleviation regulations and policies in Indonesia within the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially Target 1. From this research, it can be created a model of regulation and polices harmonization of poverty alleviation in Indonesia in order to harmony with the MDGs. To achieve these objectives, data collected by regulation and policies of poverty alleviation in Indonesia, and then it is analyzed with editing analysis style. The results of this research are the policies of poverty alleviation in Indonesia are not harmonious with the MDG target. It is because of the poverty alleviation policies in Indonesia with the MDG target as a result of differences in defining poverty, which is not focused on the definition of poverty used by the MDGs. The definition of poverty according to the MDGs is those who have income less than US$ 1 per day.  Key words: harmonization of regulations and policies, poverty alleviation, Millennium Development Goals


The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set by the United Nations were deliberately ambitious, and they have been the subject of much debate. Now, with the 2015 target date for many of the goals having passed, it is time to assess the goals and attempt to determine whether they were effective. Gathering leading scholars from a range of backgrounds and regions, this book offers an in-depth exploration of that question, with the aim of better understanding the effects of the MDGs and learning from them for future policy decisions. It examines the impact of the MDGs on countries and regions such as Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, and discusses a range of topics including anti-poverty transfer programmes, sustainable development, and the role of women in economic development.


2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Besley ◽  
Robin Burgess

The Millennium Development Goals—global targets that the world's leaders set at the Millennium Summit in September 2000—are an ambitious agenda for reducing poverty. As a central plank, these goals include halving the proportion of people living below a dollar a day from around 30 percent of the developing world’s population in 1990 to 15 percent by 2015—a reduction in the absolute number of poor of around one billion. This paper examines what economic research can tell us about how to fulfill these goals. It begins by discussing poverty trends on a global scale—where the poor are located in the world and how their numbers have been changing over time. It then discusses the relationship of economic growth and income distribution to poverty reduction. Finally, it suggests an evidence-based agenda for poverty reduction in the developing world.


2005 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 229-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Alkire

How should actions to redress absolute human deprivation be framed? Current international coordinated actions on absolute poverty are framed by human rights or by goals such as the Millennium Development Goals. But appropriate, effective and sustained responses to needs require localized participation in the definition of those rights/goals/needs and in measures taken to redress them. Human rights or the MDGs do not seem necessarily to require such processes.  For this reason some argue that no universal framework can describe economic, social, or cultural rights. Yet to address absolute poverty purely from the local perspective still requires the identification and prioritization of capabilities or needs, and often requires actions by greater-than-local institutions, so in practical terms a framework is not rejected without cost. This paper argues that the identification and prioritisation of rights or MDGs can and should be done at an international level, but that they might be framed as capabilities, and that far greater attention need be given to the iterative specification of these rights, and to the ongoing protection of certain agency freedoms. The paper explores how Wiggins’ account of need can fruitfully inform the specification of needs claims. It also draws significantly on Sen’s work to identify the intrinsic importance of process and opportunity freedoms, and to identify how these can relate to universal priorities.


2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Klarin

Abstract The concept of sustainable development has undergone various developmental phases since its introduction. The historical development of the concept saw participation of various organizations and institutions, which nowadays work intensely on the implementation of its principles and objectives. The concept has experienced different critiques and interpretations over the time while being accepted in different areas of human activity, and the definition of sustainable development has become one of the most cited definitions in the literature. In its development, the concept has been adapting to the contemporary requirements of a complex global environment, but the underlying principles and goals, as well as the problems of their implementation, remained almost unchanged. Still, some goals have been updated, and the new goals were set. These goals are united in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals 2015 which outline the challenges that humanity has to fight not only to achieve sustainable development but to survive on Earth as well.


2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
Pamela Abbott ◽  
Aimé Tsinda ◽  
Roger Sapsford ◽  
John Rwirahira

In the world-wide Millennium Development Goals initiative, Rwanda promised to halve by 2015 the number of people who lacked access to safe water and improved sanitation in 1990. Progress has been made in access to water, but the target figure will probably not be met. Targets for improved sanitation will be met on the original definition of ‘improved’, though probably not if shared provision is excluded. However, beyond the usual rural/urban divide, the article highlights how the numerical target conceals a serious problem in the capital city, where ‘informal settlements’ have grossly inadequate provision. We argue that the problems are not soluble at the individual level; a whole and unbreakable chain of provision is needed. Centralised provision is also not very feasible in Rwanda, so Government and/or development partners will probably have to work at the level of communities to set up sanitation chains and train communities in servicing them. Solving the problem is essential if the urban poor are to be offered a decent life and to solve the public health problem of contaminated water.


2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Kenneth Ross

AbstractThe measures required to end extreme poverty have been well-defined. The motivation to implement them has been conspicuously lacking. In attempting to make good this deficit and to create a sense of urgency, an eschatological framework has been created, notably with the Millennium Development Goals and their target date of 2015. However, the climate of hope and expectation engendered by the MDGs is vulnerable to disenchantment when the political and economic forces at play seem to frustrate the efforts being made to combat poverty. Christian faith offers a blend of hope and realism which is resistant to disillusionment. Sensitive to the contrast between God's promised future and the conditions prevailing in our world today, Christian believers are imbued with the motivation to do whatever they can to move the latter in the direction of the former. Yet the people of hope are also hardened realists, recognising the limitations of what can be achieved in today's struggles for justice. Faith can provoke a sense of urgency while at the same time recognising the penultimate character of the contemporary struggle and returning to the ultimate vision for fresh inspiration and energy whenever this is needed. In this way Christians can bring a passionate urgency to the great moral challenge presented by extreme poverty while also having the staying power generated by the large eschatology which frames their faith. Les mesures nécessaires à l'éradication de l'extrême pauvreté ont été bien définies. Manifestement, c'est la motivation pour les mettre en œuvre qui manque. Dans une tentative pour mettre en lumière ce déficit et créer un sentiment d'urgence, on a élaboré un cadre eschatologique, notamment avec les Objectifs de Développement du Millenium et leur date butoir de 2015. Cependant, le climat d'espoir et d'attente créé par les ODM court le risque du désenchantement alors que les forces politiques et économiques en jeu semblent contrecarrer les efforts pour combattre la pauvreté. La foi chrétienne offre un mélange d'espérance et de réalisme susceptible de résister aux désillusions. Sensibles au contraste entre l'avenir promis par Dieu et les conditions qui prévalent dans le monde d'aujourd'hui, les chrétiens sont très motivés pour faire tout ce qu'ils peuvent en vue de faire avancer les derniers vers les premiers. Cependant, le peuple de l'espérance est aussi plein de réalisme, reconnaissant les limites de ce qui peut être accompli aujourd'hui à travers les luttes pour la justice. La foi peut donner un sens de l'urgence tout en reconnaissant dans le même temps le caractère avant dernier de la lutte contemporaine et en retournant à la vision dernière pour y puiser une inspiration et une énergie nouvelles lorsqu'il en est besoin. C'est ainsi que les chrétiens peuvent apporter à l'immense défi moral de l'extrême pauvreté leur passion de l'urgence en même temps que l'énergie durable que leur apporte le cadre eschatologique de leur foi. Die Maßnahmen, die notwendig wären, um die extreme Armut zu beenden, sind gut bekannt. Die Motivation, sie in Taten umzusetzen, fehlt offensichtlich. Um dieses Defizit gut zu machen und einen Sinn von Dringlichkeit zu erwecken, wurde ein eschatologischer Rahmen geschaffen, speziell mit den Globalen Entwicklungszielen des Jahrtausends und ihrem Zieldatum 2015. Allerdings, das Klima von Hoffnung und Erwartung, das von diesen Zielen geschaffen wurde, ist frustrationsanfällig, wenn die betreffenden politischen und wirtschaftlichen Mächte die Anstrengungen frustrieren, die im Kampf gegen die Armut gemacht werden. Der christliche Glaube bietet eine Mischung von Hoffnung und Realismus an, die der Desillusion widerstehen kann. Die Christgläubigen sind sensibel für den Unterschied zwischen der Zukunft, die Gott verspricht, und den herrschenden Bedingungen unserer aktuellen Welt. Damit sind sie voll motiviert, all das zu tun, was die aktuelle Welt in die von Gott gewünschte Zukunft zu verändern. Diese Menschen der Hoffnung sind aber auch bewährte Realisten, die die Begrenzungen dessen anerkennen, was in den aktuellen Anstrengungen um Gerechtigkeit erreicht werden kann. Der Glaube kann eine Sensibilität für die Dringlichkeit herbeiführen, aber gleichzeitig den vorläufigen Charakter des heutigen Kampfs anerkennen und zu einer letztgültigen Vision zurückkehren, um von dort neue Inspiration und Energie schöpfen, wann immer das notwendig ist. Auf diese Weise können die Christen eine leidenschaftliche Dringlichkeit an die moralische Herausforderung heranbringen, die die extreme Armut darstellt, aber auch die Kraft des Aushaltens haben, die von der weiten Eschatologie ihres Glaubens stammt. Las medidas que se requerían para acabar con la pobreza extrema, son bien definidas. La motivación para implementarlas abiertamente ha fallado. En el intento de recuperar este déficit y para crear un sentido de urgencia, se ha establecido un marco escatológico, particularmente con las Metas del Milenio para el Desarrollo y su fecha tope de 2015. Sin embargo, el ambiente de esperanza y expectativa que se generó a partir de estas Metas, puede caer en el desencanto cuando las fuerzas políticas y económicas en juego parecen frustrar los esfuerzos que se hacen para combatir la pobreza. La fe cristiana ofrece una mezcla de esperanza y realismo que resiste la desilusión. Sensible al contraste entre el futuro prometido por Dios y las condiciones que gobiernan el mundo actual, los creyentes cristianos están llenos de motivación para hacer cualquier cosa que pudiera transformar el mundo actual en el futuro prometido por Dios. Sin embargo, el pueblo de la esperanza también consiste de realistas serios que reconocen las limitaciones de lo que se puede lograr en las luchas actuales por la justicia. La fe puede provocar un sentido de urgencia mientras reconoce al mismo tiempo el carácter penúltimo de la lucha contemporánea y retorna a la visión última para una inspiración y energía renovada siempre que esto se necesita. De esta manera, los cristianos pueden aportar una urgencia apasionada al gran desafío moral que la pobreza extrema representa mientras también disponen del poder para mantenerse que se genera por la escatología amplia que enmarca su fe.


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