scholarly journals Women's Economic Participation, Time use, and Access to Childcare in Urban Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emcet O. Tas ◽  
Tanima Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Economic Participation

Age at Full-Time Use Predicts Language Outcomes Better Than Age of Surgery in Children Who Use Cochlear Implants

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 986-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa R. Park ◽  
Erika B. Gagnon ◽  
Erin Thompson ◽  
Kevin D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Age At Surgery ◽  
Device Placement ◽  
Device Use ◽  
Better Than

Purpose The aims of this study were to (a) determine a metric for describing full-time use (FTU), (b) establish whether age at FTU in children with cochlear implants (CIs) predicts language at 3 years of age better than age at surgery, and (c) describe the extent of FTU and length of time it took to establish FTU in this population. Method This retrospective analysis examined receptive and expressive language outcomes at 3 years of age for 40 children with CIs. Multiple linear regression analyses were run with age at surgery and age at FTU as predictor variables. FTU definitions included 8 hr of device use and 80% of average waking hours for a typically developing child. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the establishment and degree of FTU. Results Although 8 hr of daily wear is typically considered FTU in the literature, the 80% hearing hours percentage metric accounts for more variability in outcomes. For both receptive and expressive language, age at FTU was found to be a better predictor of outcomes than age at surgery. It took an average of 17 months for children in this cohort to establish FTU, and only 52.5% reached this milestone by the time they were 3 years old. Conclusions Children with normal hearing can access spoken language whenever they are awake, and the amount of time young children are awake increases with age. A metric that incorporates the percentage of time that children with CIs have access to sound as compared to their same-aged peers with normal hearing accounts for more variability in outcomes than using an arbitrary number of hours. Although early FTU is not possible without surgery occurring at a young age, device placement does not guarantee use and does not predict language outcomes as well as age at FTU.

YOUTH WELLBEING IN SOUTH AFRICA: WHAT DIMENSIONS SHOULD WE MEASURE?

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dabesaki Mac-Ikemenjima
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
South African ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
African Cities ◽  
South African Cities ◽  
Selection Of

There is growing interest in the development of measures and indexes of youth wellbeing. However, there has been a limited discussion on indicators to measure and select them. This paper reports on the results of a qualitative study on the selection of indicators to measure the wellbeing of young people in South Africa, and reflects on the relevance of the content of their values in choosing indicators for measuring their wellbeing. The data used in this analysis is based on telephone (9) and email (6) interviews conducted with 15 young people (male=5, female=10) aged 22 to 32 from five South African cities during July 2010. In the interviews, participants were asked to identify five issues they considered important to their lives, after which they were asked to rank them in order of importance. The issues indicated by the participants are described and discussed in six dimensions: economic, relationships, spiritual and health, education, time use and material. The indicators developed from this study are discussed in terms of their relevance for use in a measure of youth wellbeing in South Africa.

Do Second-Time Users of Topical Imiquimod have a More Rapid Onset of Clinical Response?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-161
Author(s):  
Stacy L McMurray ◽  
Matthew Reynolds ◽  
Matthew S Dinehart ◽  
Scott M Dinehart
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Response ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Imiquimod Cream ◽  
Actinic Keratoses ◽  
Topical Imiquimod ◽  
Primary Endpoints ◽  
Time To Onset

Introduction: Topical imiquimod is commonly used in dermatology for treatment of actinic keratoses (AK). Prior studies in humans and mice have suggested the potential for immune recall with imiquimod based on higher degrees of AK clearance and activation of memory γδ T-cells in a mouse model. Anecdotal reports suggest a more rapid time-to-onset of clinical response with second time use of imiquimod. However, the potential for immune recall demonstrated by time-to-onset of clinical response has not been formally investigated.Objective:  The primary objective of this study was to determine if there is a difference in time-to-onset of clinical response between naïve and prior users of topical imiquimod for the treatment of actinic keratoses.Methods:  A total of 92 patients were treated with 5% imiquimod cream for actinic keratoses of the head and neck. Patients were instructed to apply 5% imiquimod cream to the affected areas once daily until reaching a therapeutic endpoint of crusting/scabbing. The primary endpoints in the study were time (days) to onset of erythema and time to onset of crusting/scabbing. Results were self-reported.Results:  The average time (days) to onset of erythema was 5.48 ± 3.19 days in naïve users and 4.7 ± 2.91 days in prior users (p= 0.22). Average time to onset of crusting/scabbing was 9.2 ± 4.34 days in naïve users and 9.02 ± 3.65 days in prior users (p=0.35).Conclusion:  Our study revealed there is no difference in time-to-onset of erythema or scabbing/crusting with second-time use of imiquimod.  While immune recall may be possible with use of imiquimod, the results of this study indicate that it may be independent of time-to-onset of clinical response.  

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