The Ethics of Genetic Research on Indigenous Populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-350
Author(s):  
Kim Skoog
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Research ◽  
Indigenous Populations

scholarly journals Importance of human demographic history knowledge in genetic studies involving multi-ethnic cohorts

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Benard W. Kulohoma
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Association Studies ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Human Demographic History ◽  
African Populations

Paucity of data from African populations due to under-representation in human genetic studies has impeded detailed understanding of the heritable human genome variation. This is despite the fact that Africa has sizeable genetic, cultural and linguistic diversity. There are renewed efforts to understand health problems relevant to African populations using more comprehensive datasets, and by improving expertise in health-related genomics among African scientists. We emphasise that careful consideration of the sampled populations from national and within-continental cohorts in large multi-ethnic genetic research efforts is required to maximise the prospects of identifying and fine-mapping novel risk variants in indigenous populations. We caution that human demographic history should be taken into consideration in such prospective genetic-association studies.

scholarly journals Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 in populations of Buryats, Teleuts and Russians of Eastern Siberia

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Tabikhanova ◽  
L. P. Osipova ◽  
T. V. Churkina ◽  
E. N. Voronina ◽  
M. L. Filipenko
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
East Siberia ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Polymorphic Variants ◽  
Frequency Occurrence

The study of the gene polymorphism of the system of biotransformation of xenobiotics is an important area of modern medical and genetic research. The aim of this work is to study the frequency of the alleles of the CYP1A1 (A2455G (*2C), rs1048943), CYP2D6 (A2549del (*3), rs35742686); G1846A (*4), rs3892097) genes of Teleuts (n = 115), Eastern Buryats (n = 132), Western Buryats (n = 280), their Métis (n = 56), and Russians of East Siberia (n = 122). Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR with competitive TaqMan allele-specific probes. The frequency of the CYP1A1*2C (2455G) allele was 28.8 % in the Eastern Buryat, 34.6 % in the Western Buryat, 16.7 % in the Teleut, and 31.3 % in the Métis cohort. The frequency of CYP1A1*2C (2455G) in the Russians of Eastern Siberia (4.1 %) corresponds to the frequency range found in European populations. A high-frequency occurrence of CYP1A1*2C (2455G) among Buryats and Teleuts may be indicative of a higher population-wide risk of diseases influenced by technogenic pollutants – substrates of CYP1A1. The CYP2D6*3 (2549del) allele was not detected in cohorts of indigenous populations, among Russians it was 0.4 %, and it was 2.7 % among Métis. The frequency of CYP2D6*4 (1846A) in Eastern and Western Buryats was 5.3 % and 4.3 %, respectively, for Teleuts it was 7.4 %. It was significantly higher in the Russian population (12 %), and among Métis (9.8 %). The obtained data makes it possible to predict a reduced risk of side effects of drugs and cancer associated with CYP2D6*3 (2549del) and CYP2D6*4 (1846A) in the Buryat and Teleut populations. However, metisation introduces new polymorphic variants into indigenous populations, shifts gene frequencies and changes the degree of risks.

scholarly journals Engaging Maori in Biobanking and Genetic Research: Legal, Ethical, and Policy Challenges

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Beaton ◽  
Barry Smith ◽  
Valmaine Toki ◽  
Kim Southey ◽  
Maui Hudson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Health Research Council ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Areas Of Concern

Publically funded biobanking initiatives and genetic research should contribute towards reducing inequalities in health by reducing the prevalence and burden of disease. It is essential that Maori and other Indigenous populations share in health gains derived from these activities. The Health Research Council of New Zealand has funded a research project (2012-2015) to identify Maori perspectives on biobanking and genetic research, and to develop cultural guidelines for ethical biobanking and genetic research involving biospecimens. This review describes relevant values and ethics embedded in Maori indigenous knowledge, and how they may be applied to culturally safe interactions between biobanks, researchers, individual participants, and communities. Key issues of ownership, privacy, and consent are also considered within the legal and policy context that guides biobanking and genetic research practices within New Zealand. Areas of concern are highlighted and recommendations of international relevance are provided. To develop a productive environment for "next-generation" biobanking and genomic research,"‘next-generation" regulatory solutions will be required.

‘We who are not here’: law, whiteness, indigenous peoples and the promise of genetic identification

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
The Body ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
White Institutions ◽  
Genetic Technologies

In contemporary law, genetic technologies of the body have provided a new layer of complexity to legal determinations of racial identity. Indigenous peoples in particular are often forced to present themselves before law as invisible peoples requesting embodiment, possessing no set identity and requiring a legal determination of their status. In return for their participation in genetic research indigenous peoples have been promised, amongst other things, a reliable identification that would make them visible as indigenous before the law. This article examines genetic and non-genetic approaches to identifying indigenous peoples through a case study of Australian law and argues that while genetic technologies may have little to offer indigenous populations they do hold out the possibility of making visible to whites and white institutions their own obscured racial identity.

scholarly journals Importance of human demographic history knowledge in genetic studies involving multi-ethnic cohorts

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Benard W. Kulohoma
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Association Studies ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Human Demographic History ◽  
African Populations

Paucity of data from African populations due to under-representation in human genetic studies has impeded detailed understanding of the heritable human genome variation. This is despite the fact that Africa has sizeable genetic, cultural and linguistic diversity. There are renewed efforts to understand health problems relevant to African populations using more comprehensive datasets, and by improving expertise in health-related genomics among African scientists. We emphasise that careful consideration of the sampled populations from national and within-continental cohorts in large multi-ethnic genetic research efforts is required to maximise the prospects of identifying and fine-mapping novel risk variants in indigenous populations. We caution that human demographic history should be taken into consideration in such prospective genetic-association studies.

Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

Race on Both Sides of the Razor

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence D. Keel
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructionism ◽  
Political Correctness ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Social Activists ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Biological Differences

The proliferation of studies declaring that there is a genetic basis to health disparities and behavioral differences across the so-called races has encouraged the opponents of social constructionism to assert a victory for scientific progress over political correctness. I am not concerned in this essay with providing a response to critics who believe races are expressions of innate genetic or biological differences. Instead, I am interested in how genetic research on human differences has divided social constructionists over whether the race concept in science can be used for social justice and redressing embodied forms of discrimination. On one side, there is the position that race is an inherently flawed concept and that its continued use by scientists, medical professionals, and even social activists keeps alive the notion that it has a biological basis. On the other side of this debate are those who maintain a social constructionist position yet argue that not all instances of race in science stem from discriminatory politics or the desire to prove that humans belong to discrete biological units that can then be classified as superior or inferior. I would like to shift this debate away from the question of whether race is real and move instead toward thinking about the intellectual commitments necessary for science to expose past legacies of discrimination.

Cancer of the vulva: genetic aspects of pathogenesis

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
V V Sobolev ◽  
Z A Nevozinskaya ◽  
A G Soboleva ◽  
I M Korsunskaya
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Somatic Mutations ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Tp53 Gene ◽  
Gene Activity ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Methylation Of Dna

The review is devoted to genetic research in cancer of the vulva. In genetic changes, the mutation irreversibly changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA, or the number of copies of chromosomes changes per cell. In epigenetics, the nucleotide sequence remains unchanged, but gene activity is regulated by methylation of DNA or modification of histones. Most of the studies analyzed are devoted to the study of mutations in the TP53 gene. Many studies indicate that somatic mutations are more common in HPV-negative than in HPV-positive patients. Epigenetic studies in the main devoted to hypermethylation. The gene CDKN2A is most often studied in epigenetic terms. For most of the studied genes, hypermethylation occurs more often in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva than in the precursors.

GENETIC RESEARCH: LEGISLATION AND CRIMINAL POLICY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Sergeev ◽  
I. Y. Kozachenko ◽  
M. A. Bolkov ◽  
P. A. Larionov ◽  
I. A. Tuzankina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Research ◽  
Criminal Policy
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