scholarly journals Effect of plant density on stem and flower quality of single-stem ornamental sunflower genotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Emina Mladenović ◽  
Sandra Cvejić ◽  
Siniša Jocić ◽  
Nemanja Ćuk ◽  
Jelena Čukanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Total Variation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Ammi Analysis ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Flower Quality

The aim of this research was to determine the optimum planting density for the production of high-quality cut flowers with desirable characteristics. 25 single-stem ornamental sunflower genotypes were planted at different densities and evaluated for flowering time, flower diameter, and stem circumference and length over a two-year production cycle. Three spacing patterns were used: 25 × 25 cm, 30 × 30 cm, and 70 × 30 cm, which led to the planting densities of 160 000, 90 000, and 60 000 plants/ha, respectively. The plant density had the most important effect on the stem circumference, flower diameter, and stem length (total variation 52, 60, and 58%, AMMI analysis) and a small effect on the flowering time (total variation 1%, AMMI analysis). Based on environment-focused scaling, all high-density environments could be suitable for the production of single-stem sunflower genotypes. The results demonstrated the adaptation of several sunflower genotypes G9, G11, G12, G21, and G22 as the most suitable based on the optimum flower diameter, stem circumference, and stem length. These results may lead to progress in growing ornamental sunflowers as a cut flower.

scholarly journals Postharvest responses of Carnation cut flowers to Prunus cerasoides mediated silver nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1818-1827
Author(s):  
Tu Thi Anh Le
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Preservative Solution ◽  
Prunus Cerasoides ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Flower Quality

Introduction: The procedure to synthesize silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from Prunus cerasoides leaf extract and their effect on vase life and flower quality of cut carnation were investigated. Methods: SNPs were bio-synthesized from Prunus cerasoides leaf extract and characterized by using UV-Vis technique, TEM, and SEM images. The postharvest responses of carnation cut flowers to the biosynthesis SNPs were evaluated through vase life, relative fresh weight, vase solution uptake, flower diameter of cut carnation. Results: SNPs were synthesized under optimum conditions, including using the extract of leaf heating at 60 oC in 30 min, 4 mM of silver nitrate, pH of 11, and 180 min of reaction time. SNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity and then alleviated the bacterial development in the preservative solution. All treatments with SNPs had improved the vase life and quality of cut carnation compared to the control. A vase solution containing 2% sucrose enhanced the carnation cut flowers. Conclusions: The preservative solution containing 25 ppm SNPs and 2% sucrose showed the best effect. SNPs could be used as a promising antibacterial agent applied in the preservative solution for cut carnation flowers.

scholarly journals (63) Production Systems for Celosia in a Tobacco Transplant Greenhouse

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1012B-1012
Author(s):  
Carl E. Niedziela ◽  
Guochen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Celosia Cristata ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Square Cells

Plug seedlings of Celosia cristata L. `Persimmon Chief' were planted in four production systems (harvest lugs, lay-flat bags, pots, and polystyrene trays) on 7 May 2004. Production systems were randomized in a Latin-square design with four replications of each system. Each treatment plot was 0.7 m × 1.1 m. Planting density was 31 plants/m2. The harvest lugs were 55 cm × 37 cm × 16 cm. The lay-flat bags were 114 cm × 30 cm × 3 cm. The pots were 25 cm bulb pans. The polystyrene trays were 67 cm × 34 cm × 5 cm and contained 32 square cells. All of the containers were filled with the same tobacco germination media. The plants in the harvest lugs, lay-flat bags and pots were irrigated daily with 150 mg·g-1 N from 20N–4.4P–16.6K. The plants in the polystyrene trays were floated on a solution of 150 mg·g-1 N from 20N–4.4P–16.6K. Float solutions were monitored and adjusted weekly for volume and fertilizer concentration. Individual stems were harvested at the appropriate stage of development for market. The fresh weight, stem length and flower diameter of individual stems were recorded. Stems produced in float trays had the lowest fresh weight (162.2 g). Stems grown in harvest lugs (363.5 g) weighed more than those in pots (298.4 g) but not lay-flat bags (338.4 g, lsd0.05 = 42.7). Stems grown in float trays (88.8 g) were shorter than lay-flat bags (121.5 g), harvest lugs (120.5 g), and pots (113.5 cm, lsd0.05 = 10.5). Flower diameter did not differ between production systems (mean diameter = 7.2 cm).

scholarly journals Response of Matthiola incana to Irrigation with Saline Wastewaters

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Grieve ◽  
J.A. Poss ◽  
C. Amrhein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Matthiola Incana ◽  
Inland Valley ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Flower Quality ◽  
Irrigation Waters ◽  
Inflorescence Length

Two cultivars of Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. (`Cheerful White' and `Frolic Carmine') were grown in greenhouse sand cultures to determine the effect of salt stress on growth, ion relations, and flower quality. Two types of irrigation waters, differing in ion composition, were prepared to simulate saline wastewaters commonly present in two inland valley locations in California. Solution ICV was typical of saline tailwaters frequently found in the Imperial and Coachella Valleys and contained Cl–, Na+, SO42–, Mg2+, Ca2+, predominating in that order. Solution SJV was dominated by Na+ and SO42– and simulated saline drainage effluents often present in the San Joaquin Valley. Five treatments of each salinity type were imposed; each was replicated three times. Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters (ECi) were 2.5, 5, 8, 11, and 14 dS·m–1. Plant heights were determined weekly. Seedlings were sampled for ion analysis 9 weeks after planting. Flowering stems were harvested when about 50% of the florets in the inflorescence were open. Total stem length, weight and diameter, numbers of florets and buds, and inflorescence length were measured at final harvest. All plants remained healthy throughout the experimental period with no visible signs of ion toxicity or deficiency. Although length of the flowering stems decreased with increasing salinity, stems were of marketable quality even at the highest salinity level. Mineral ion composition of the vegetative tissues generally reflected ion concentrations in the irrigation waters. Shoot Mg2+ and Cl– were higher and shoot Na+ lower in seedlings irrigated with ICV waters than with SJV waters. Shoot P was reduced over control levels once salinity exceeded 11 dS·m–1. Both cultivars were highly selective for K+ over Na + and selectivity coefficients (SK, Na) increase about 60% as salinity increased from 2.5 to 14 dS·m–1. This study illustrates that commercially acceptable cut flowers of stock may be produced under irrigation with moderately saline wastewaters.

scholarly journals Vernalization Duration and Light Intensity Influence Flowering of Three Hybrid Nobile Dendrobium Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Lin ◽  
Terri W. Starman ◽  
Yin-Tung Wang ◽  
Genhua Niu
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Flower Quality ◽  
Delayed Flowering

The flowering time and flower quality of three hybrid Dendrobium nobile cultivars in relation to light intensity during cooling and duration of vernalization were studied in the first experiment. Mature Dendrobium Red Emperor ‘Prince’, Den. Sea Mary ‘Snow King’, and Den. Love Memory ‘Fizz’ plants were vernalized at 10 °C under 300 to 350 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) (12-h photoperiod) or darkness, each with four cooling durations (2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks). Plants were forced in a greenhouse after vernalization. At least 4 weeks of 10 °C cooling in light was needed for complete flower initiation of Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’, whereas Den. Sea Mary ‘Snow King’ and Den. Love Memory ‘Fizz’ only needed 2 weeks of 10 °C cooling regardless of light. For all three cultivars, darkness during vernalization slightly delayed flowering and resulted in fewer but larger flowers. Longer cooling duration delayed flowering, decreased flower longevity, and produced more and larger flowers. In a second experiment, Den. Love Memory ‘Fizz’ plants were vernalized at 15 °C for 4 weeks under a 12-h photoperiod and PPF of 0, 50, 100, or 200 μmol·m−2·s−1. Compared with 200 μmol·m−2·s−1, low PPF at 50 or 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 did not affect flowering time or flower qualities; however, darkness delayed flowering and reduced flower qualities except flower diameter.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Quality of Domestically Distributed Cut Phalaenopsis Flowers Based on the Season and Place of Origin

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Hyun Kyung Kim ◽  
Ae Kyung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Treatment Agent ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Flower Quality

This study compared and analyzed the qualities of cut Phalaenopsis “V3” flowers based on the place of origin and season. An investigation of the senescence type showed that flowers originating from Korea had a higher rate of aging than those from China across all three seasons. Consequently, the vase life was also 3–5 days longer for Chinese flowers than those for Korean flowers, regardless of the season. Furthermore, the vase life was the longest in autumn, followed by spring and summer, with statistically significant differences. With respect to flower diameter, Chinese cut phalaenopsis flowers were relatively larger than the Korean ones on day 1 of the experiment. As the senescence process of wilting was initiated earlier in Korean flowers with a shorter vase life, they showed higher reductions in flower diameters as well. The fresh weight, water uptake, and water balance were lower for Korean flowers than those for Chinese flowers starting on day 5 of the experiment across all three seasons. Korean cut phalaenopsis flowers experienced difficulties in maintaining water levels following their water uptake on day 1, which may have affected their vase life. Ethylene production showed a sharp increase on day 7 in Chinese cut flowers and day 5 in Korean cut flowers, with high amounts typically observed in spring, which coincided with the results of water loss. Hunter values L, a, and b and changes petal color ⊿E significantly differed not by place of origin but by season. Additionally, the sugar content of the solution inside the water tubes used when selling cut phalaenopsis flowers was investigated. Chinese flowers are subjected to pretreatment and posttreatment inside the water tube before being exported, while Korean flowers are treated with tap water. The Chinese flowers contained approximately seven times more sugar content compared to Korean flowers. This suggests that the treatment solution components, including sugar and other ingredients, of the Chinese cut flowers had a positive effect on water uptake and lowered the sensitivity to ethylene, which seemed to have an effect on the long vase life and quality. If Korean cut flowers are also distributed using a treatment agent, it is expected that the vase life will be improved and the satisfaction of consumers will be increased. However, since there are several possibilities that can affect post-harvest quality, it seems that additional experiments are needed. Moreover, as flower quality decreases in summer compared to those in spring or autumn, it will be necessary to reduce the differences in quality between seasons.

scholarly journals Growth, Flowering, and Postharvest Performance of Single-stemmed Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) Plants in Response to Light Quantum Integral and Plant Population Density

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels B. Bredmose
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Light Quantum ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Quantum Integral ◽  
Flower Diameter

The cut rose, grown as a single-stemmed crop, resembles a potted plant and can be adapted to transportable bench systems. Potentially, this cultivation method could increase control of rose development, flexibility of production and produce, and automation of difficult or laborious cultural operations. Synchronous growth and flowering is considered important. The effects of increased quantum irradiation integral and plant density on shoot growth, fresh biomass production, and bloom quality were studied as single-stemmed rose plants (Rosa hybrida L.) `Kordapa' Lambada, `Tanettahn' Manhattan Blue, `Tanorelav' Red Velvet, and `Sweet Promise' Sonia grown under 20 hours photoperiods at 23 °C average air temperature. Plants were grown in rockwool cubes on ebb and flood benches irrigated with a complete nutrient solution, and were supplied with carbon dioxide at 1000 μmol·mol-1. Increased the daily quantum integral from 17.8 to 21.0 mol·m-2·d-1 increased fresh biomass efficiency, stem diameter, and specific fresh mass while number of nodes, number of five-leaflet-leaves, plastochron value, and stem length at anthesis decreased. Fresh mass at anthesis was not affected by the treatments. Increasing plant population density from 100 to 178 plants/m2 increased stem length at visible flower bud, and reduced both fresh biomass efficiency and specific fresh mass. These effects are suggested to be related to assimilate supply and translocation, and light perception of the roses. High quantum integral slightly reduced flower diameter but in general, quantum integral or plant density did not affect bloom quality or vase life. Use of preservative floral solution generally improved rose flower diameter and vase life. In Lambada increased light quantum integral prolonged vase life, but use of preservative solution did not. The cultivars Sonia and Red Velvet required 19 to 20 days from cutting/planting until onset of bud growth, 29 to 34 days until visible flower bud, and 39 to 49 days until anthesis. Red Velvet roses were ≈60 cm long at anthesis, and had larger stem diameter and growth rate, accumulated more fresh biomass, were most efficient producing fresh biomass, and had higher specific fresh mass among the cultivars. Light quantum integral is suggested to be used as a means to synchronize single-stemmed rose plant development.

scholarly journals Influence of Spacing on Yield of Buddleia and Salix Grown as Cut Flowers and Stems

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
A. M. Armitage ◽  
M. A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Salix Alba ◽  
Buddleia Davidii ◽  
Number Of Stems

Abstract Plants of Buddleia davidii ‘Black Knight’ were planted on 165, 80 or 45 cm (5.5, 3 or 1.5 ft) centers in September 1991 and plants of Salix alba ‘Britzensis’, Salix × erythroflexuosa ‘Scarlet Curls’ and Salix chaenomeloides were planted on 90, 60 or 30 cm (3, 2 and 1 ft) centers in April 1991. Stems of all taxa were harvested for three years. The number of harvested stems per plant decreased but the number of stems/m2 increased with increasing plant density in all taxa. No significant differences in stem length or stem diameter occurred except with Salix alba ‘Britzensis’ in which the longest stems occurred at the highest density, regardless of year of harvest.

scholarly journals Potted rose cultivars with paclobutrazol drench applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristela Pereira Carvalho-Zanão ◽  
Luiz Antônio Zanão Júnior ◽  
José Antonio Saraiva Grossi ◽  
Natalia Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Longevity ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Flower Quality

ABSTRACT: Growth retardants, such as paclobutrazol, reduce plant height, and thus enable commercialization of larger ornamental plants in pots. The aim of this research was to evaluate the size, yield and flower quality of two rose cultivars as a function of various paclobutrazol applications to growing substrate. Treatments consisted of two cultivars (Yellow Terrazza® and Shiny Terrazza®) planted in plastic pots and five paclobutrazol doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0mg pot-1). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. Experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The following traits were evaluated: plant height; stem diameter, number of flowers and leaves of floral stem; length of flower bud; floral cycle, leaf area; flower diameter and floral longevity; chlorophyll content in leaves; and yield. Paclobutrazol improved the quality and esthetics of flowers of both cultivars. It also reduced leaf dry matter production, plant height, flower height and diameter and increased chlorophyll content and flower longevity. Paclobutrazol effectively reduced plant height, producing a harmonious relationship between the plant and the pot, without phytotoxicity. Therefore, we suggested applying 2.0mgpot-1 of paclobutrazol to the substrate of Yellow Terrazza® and Shiny Terrazza® rose cultivars.

scholarly journals Response of Branching and Nonbranching Cut Flower Cultivars of Sunflower to Pinching and Planting Density

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Hans C. Wien
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Relationship Of

Pinching sunflower (Helianthus annuus) grown for cut flowers in the vegetative stage increases stem yield at least 3-fold. Four experiments were conducted to further investigate the cultivar response differences to pinching, to explore the response to planting density, and to examine the effect of the time of pinching. In the first two experiments, two branching and one nonbranching cultivar in 2011, and three branching cultivars in 2012, were grown at 6 × 6-, 9 × 9-, and 12 × 12-inch spacing and pinched at the six-leaf stage. Pinching led to stem yield increases, but reduced flower size and stem length. Combining closer spacing with pinching further decreased flower size, increased the number of stems, and the gross value of stems per unit area. At highest densities flowers were too small to be saleable. The inverse relationship of flower size to stem numbers per unit area held true across all cultivars in both years. The branching cultivar Starburst Lemon Aura was the most productive of the cultivars tested when pinched, yielding 15,744 stems/1000 ft2 at the closest spacing. In 2013 and 2015, delaying the time of pinching from the 6-leaf to the 10-leaf stage reduced stem production among three nonbranching cultivars from 2.8 to 1.8 stems/plant, compared with an increase from 4.2 to 5.1 stems/plant for the branching cultivar Goldrush. The difference in pinching response among cultivars in 2013 and 2015 may have been related to relative severity of septoria leaf blight (Septoria helianthi) that infected the lower leaves. The results of the four experiments confirmed the efficacy of pinching on productivity and value of sunflowers, with best results obtained when pinching was done at the six-leaf stage.

scholarly journals 768 PB 389 THE INFLUENCE OF ROOT-ZONE HEAT AND NIGHT AIR TEMPERATURES ON THE PRODUCTION OF SNAPDRAGONS (ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L.) GROWN FOR CUT FLOWERS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 543a-543
Author(s):  
Muhammad Maqbool ◽  
Steven E. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Flower Quality ◽  
Different Response ◽  
The Impact

Twelve snapdragon cultivars of different response groups were grown in a double polyethylene greenhouse to determine the impact of no root-zone heat (RZH) and 22C RZH at 15 or 20C night air temperature (NT) on flower quality. Data were recorded when the first floret of each stem showed color and harvested when the lower third of the florets were open, Flower quality was evaluated at harvest based upon stem length and fresh weight using Society of American Florists standards. Cultivars `Butterfly White II', `Hercules', `Navajo', and West Virginia' (Group II) were the first to bloom under 20C NT regardless of RZH; whereas cultivars `Oklahoma', Houston', and `Potomac Pink' (Group IV) were delayed. Similar trends were observed under 15C NT, but the crop was harvested a few days earlier with RZH as compared to no heat. Flower quality was better under 15C NT.

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