scholarly journals Influence of infection of a tree by Plum pox virus on further spread of the disease within a plum orchard

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
J. Blažek ◽  
R. Karešová
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Risk Of Infection

Occurrence of plum pox disease after natural infection was continually monitored between 1993 and 2000 in an experimental planting of plum trees where cultivars and hybrid seedlings were evaluated. All trees after finding symptoms of this disease were immediately grubbed. Summarization of the results has proved that infection of a tree significantly increased the risk of infection of neighbouring trees despite the fact that all infected trees were discarded. In the case of adjoining trees nearby, those within the same row increased their hazard by approximately three times and those between rows doubled their hazard in comparison with the average rate of infection of plum trees by PPV. This fact also highlights the significance of timely grubbing of affected trees immediately after an appearance of symptoms of this viral disease.

scholarly journals First Report of the Plum Pox Virus Recombinant Strain on Peach in Bulgaria

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1320-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kamenova ◽  
S. Dallot ◽  
V. Bozkova ◽  
S. Milusheva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Recombination Breakpoint ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
South Central ◽  
Two Samples

Plum pox virus (PPV) causes sharka, the most damaging viral disease of stone fruit species. Seven distinct PPV strains are known; PPV-M, PPV-D, and PPV-Rec are the most common (3). PPV-Rec is a unique recombinant (3) between PPV-M and PPV-D and has been reported from plum, apricot, Japanese plum, myrobalan, and blackthorn in eastern and central Europe, but has never been found in peach as a single natural infection (2). A survey was conducted during spring 2009 in eight peach orchards located in the southwest, southeast, and south central regions of Bulgaria to assess the incidence of PPV infection. A total of 98 leaf samples from individual trees showing PPV-like symptoms were collected and analyzed by triple-antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA with the universal monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5B (Agritest, Valenzano, Italy). Sixty one samples reacted positive for PPV (optical density 0.161 to 1.267) and these samples were further analyzed with PPV-M (AL) and PPV-D (4DG5) specific MAbs (1). All 61 samples reacted positively with PPV-M specific MAbs. To distinguish PPV-M and PPV-Rec strains, which are serologically identical, immunocapture (IC)-reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was carried out with PPV-M (CIP-M: 5′-GTC GCA GCA TTT GTA GCC CTT GTT-3′, CIP-MR: 5′-CCA ACA CGT TAA CGC CAT GCT TCA-3′) and PPV-D (CIP-D: 5′-ATG ATG CTG TTT GAC TCG GAG CGA-3′, CIP-DR: 5′-TCG CAA CTG CTT GCA CAC ATT CTC-3′) specific primers targeting the 6K1-CI genomic region. A PCR fragment of ~880 bp amplified with PPV-M specific primers obtained from 59 samples confirmed that these were PPV-M isolates. However, the remaining two samples (both coming from infected tress located in two different orchards in the southwest region) yielded a 468-bp PCR fragment with PPV-D specific primers, suggesting that these two samples belonged to PPV-Rec strain. These samples together with controls of PPV-M, PPV-D, and PPV-Rec strains were further analyzed by RT-PCR using mD5/mM3 primers spanning the recombination breakpoint (4). Both peach samples and the PPV-Rec strain control produced a single 605-bp PCR product. The two peach amplicons were purified and sequenced directly with the same primers. The nucleotide (nt) sequences obtained were 100% identical to each other. BLAST analysis of the two samples with PPV-Rec (No. AF421118.1) showed maximum nt identity of 98%. Percent maximum nt identity with PPV-M (No. AY324837.1) and PPV-D (No. AB576062.1) were 93 and 87%, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two isolates were 98% identical to PPV-Rec (No. No. AF421118.1), 93% identical to PPV-M (No. M92280.1), and 84% identical to PPV-D (No. AB576062.1). Analyzed samples were further transmitted from the diseased trees to peach seedlings (GF 305) by chip-budding in a greenhouse during the fall of 2009. Six months later, faint vein clearing on the leaves of inoculated seedlings was observed. The presence of PPV was confirmed by TAS-ELISA and PPV-Rec presence was shown by IC-RT-PCR (mD5/mM3 primers). One of the generated 605-bp products was sequenced and showed 100% nt identity with the isolate used for inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of PPV-Rec strain in naturally infected peach trees, a finding that calls for further large-scale investigations of PPV-Rec incidence in peach in Bulgaria. References: (1) M. Cambra et al. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 24:569, 1994. (2) S. Dallot et al. Acta Hortic. 781:227, 2008. (3). M. Glasa et al. J. Gen. Virol. 85:2671, 2004. (4) Z. Šubr et al. Acta Virol. 48:173, 2004.

scholarly journals Characterization of Sour Cherry Isolates of Plum pox virus from the Volga Basin in Russia Reveals a New Cherry Strain of the Virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 972-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Glasa ◽  
Yuri Prikhodko ◽  
Lukáš Predajňa ◽  
Alžbeta Nagyová ◽  
Yuri Shneyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Distinct Cluster ◽  
Genomic Characterization ◽  
Cherry Trees

Plum pox virus (PPV) is the causal agent of sharka, the most detrimental virus disease of stone fruit trees worldwide. PPV isolates have been assigned into seven distinct strains, of which PPV-C regroups the genetically distinct isolates detected in several European countries on cherry hosts. Here, three complete and several partial genomic sequences of PPV isolates from sour cherry trees in the Volga River basin of Russia have been determined. The comparison of complete genome sequences has shown that the nucleotide identity values with other PPV isolates reached only 77.5 to 83.5%. Phylogenetic analyses clearly assigned the RU-17sc, RU-18sc, and RU-30sc isolates from cherry to a distinct cluster, most closely related to PPV-C and, to a lesser extent, PPV-W. Based on their natural infection of sour cherry trees and genomic characterization, the PPV isolates reported here represent a new strain of PPV, for which the name PPV-CR (Cherry Russia) is proposed. The unique amino acids conserved among PPV-CR and PPV-C cherry-infecting isolates (75 in total) are mostly distributed within the central part of P1, NIa, and the N terminus of the coat protein (CP), making them potential candidates for genetic determinants of the ability to infect cherry species or of adaptation to these hosts. The variability observed within 14 PPV-CR isolates analyzed in this study (0 to 2.6% nucleotide divergence in partial CP sequences) and the identification of these isolates in different localities and cultivation conditions suggest the efficient establishment and competitiveness of the PPV-CR in the environment. A specific primer pair has been developed, allowing the specific reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction detection of PPV-CR isolates.

scholarly journals Pathologic Findings and Viral Antigen Distribution During Natural Infection of Ring-Necked Pheasants With H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Ajithdoss ◽  
M. K. Torchetti ◽  
L. Badcoe ◽  
D. S. Bradway ◽  
T. V. Baszler
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Pathologic Finding ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a major viral disease of poultry characterized by acute onset, systemic infection, and rapid death. In January 2015, H5N2 HPAI was identified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and gene sequencing as the cause of rapid death in 40 of 390 ring-necked pheasants (approximately 10% mortality), raised in a game bird farm in Washington State. We report clinicopathologic findings and viral antigen distribution in pheasants that died during the outbreak. Affected birds were depressed with reluctance to move, ruffled feathers, and drooping heads. Congestion of the cerebellar meningeal blood vessels was the only consistent gross pathologic finding. Meningoencephalitis with vasculitis and necrosis in the spleen and heart were the major microscopic lesions in the birds. Viral antigen was consistently detected in the brain, heart, and ovary with variable presence in other organs.

scholarly journals Dental implants: major considerations in the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Gabriela Gonzales Marques ◽  
Diego César Marques ◽  
Elias Naim Kassis
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Dental Office ◽  
Review Model

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis and the dissemination of COVID-19 has presented significant challenges for dentistry. The risk of nosocomial transmission meant that routine dental care was temporarily suspended in several countries. In this sense, several measures have been proposed by national and international guidelines to minimize the risk of infection. Thus, dental care during the pandemic is challenging due to the high risk of infection. Objective: The present study performed a concise systematic review of dental implants in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, to highlight the main challenges and guideline-based safety strategies. Methods: This was followed by a systematic literature review model, according to the PRISMA rules. The research was carried out from July 2021 to October 2021 and developed based on Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, and Cochrane Library. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument. The risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: After the selectivity of articles and literary findings, 127 studies were analyzed, with only 15 medium and high-quality studies selected, according to GRADE rules, and with risks of bias that do not compromise scientific development, based on the Cochrane instrument. To help protect patients from acquiring COVID-19 from a dental office nosocomial infection, many state or local governments have classified dental treatments as non-essential. Dentists were instructed to perform only procedures designated as emergencies. In this sense, dentistry is making great strides in improving oral health through the prevention of dental diseases, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The detected relationship between the stage of dental damage and the severity and prognosis of viral disease was considered significant.

scholarly journals Evidence of a Naturally Occurring Recombinant Isolate of Plum pox virus from Slovakia

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 920-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Glasa ◽  
O. Kúdela ◽  
V. Marie-Jeanne ◽  
J. B. Quiot
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Rna Recombination ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Apricot Tree

Sharka, caused by the Plum pox virus (PPV), is the most detrimental viral disease of stone fruit trees worldwide. Two main groups of PPV isolates have been identified, PPV-M and PPV-D (1). Natural variability of Slovak PPV isolates in Prunus hosts has been recently evaluated (3). The PPV isolate BOR-3 was isolated in the summer of 1996 from a 5-year-old apricot tree, cv. VS 123/9, in an orchard in western Slovakia. The host apricot tree was propagated from seed; hence infection via aphid transmission from the immediate surroundings is highly probable. In order to retain its original properties, the isolate was transmitted by chip budding from a diseased tree to seedlings of Prunus persica, cv. GF 305. In contrast to other PPV isolates collected from the same location, infection of GF 305 with BOR-3 was either symptomless or produced only weak symptoms. On the other hand, sap-infected young seedlings of P. insititia × P. domestica St. Julien No. 2 presented leaf chlorotic spots and rings similar to those produced by other tested Slovak PPV isolates. Serological typing with group-specific MAbs (1) and restriction fragment length polymorphism of RT-PCR products amplified from the C terminus of the capsid protein (CP) gene demonstrated that BOR-3 is a member of PPV-M group (3). However, nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis of the P3-6K1 genomic region (GenBank accession AF357541) has shown a strong similarity with PPV-D group isolates (reaching 97%). To obtain more information, a 1846-nt long 3 genomic region encompassing the C-terminus of NIb, CP and 3 noncoding region (NCR) was subsequently sequenced (GenBank accession AY028309). The sequence comparison revealed that the BOR-3 isolate was the most identical to the PPV isolate ð6 (GenBank accession S57404) isolated more than 10 years ago in former Yugoslavia, which is about 550 km from the Slovak focus. The ð6 isolate is known to be the only PPV RNA recombinant at present (2). Nucleotide sequence identity in 3'NIb+CP+NCR region between BOR-3 and ð6 isolates reached >98%, contrary to 96% identity with PPV-M isolates (PS, SK68) and 88% identity with PPV-D isolates (Dideron, Rank). Further, the potential recombination site in the BOR-3 genome has been located in the C-terminus of NIb gene near nt position 8450 (numbered according to PPV-PS isolate, AJ243957). This site corresponds to the location of the recombination crossover identified in the PPV-ð6 isolate (2). Despite geographical and temporal distinctiveness of the two PPV isolates, an identical origin of ð6 and BOR-3 cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that these PPV isolates are the product of two independent recombination events at a recombination hot spot in the PPV genome situated near the C terminus of NIb gene also should be considered. Based on these data, the PPV BOR-3 isolate is a product of a natural homologous RNA recombination event between an M and D isolate. Evidence of homologous RNA recombination in this isolate significantly enriches current knowledge on the occurrence of recombination among potyviruses and emphasizes the role of RNA recombination in viral evolution and adaptation. This report indicates that occurrence of recombinants within PPV isolates infecting perennial crops might not be as rare as previously suggested (4). References: (1) T. Candresse et al. Phytopathology 88:198, 1998. (2) M. T. Cervera et al. J. Gen. Virol. 74:329, 1993. (3) M. Glasa et al. Acta Virol. 42:226, 1998. (4) F. Revers et al. J. Gen. Virol. 77:1953, 1996.

scholarly journals N6-Methyladenosine Regulatory Machinery is Involved In Viral Infection of Plum Pox Virus And Potato Virus Y In Nicotiana Benthamiana

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianying Yue ◽  
Yao Wei ◽  
Yahan Chen ◽  
Xuefeng Wei ◽  
Haijuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Endogenous Gene ◽  
Virus Infected Plant

Abstract Abstract N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a post-transcriptional modification of biological mRNA and non-coding RNAs, which by regulating the mRNA stability and translation. It has been demonstrated that m6A methylation has a regulatory effect on human RNA virus replication. In this project, Plum pox virus (PPV) and Potato Y virus (PVY) were used to examine the m6A modification in Nicotiana benthamiana during natural infection. The results showed that the global level of m6A in both PVY and PPV infected plants were significantly decreased than non-infected plants. Particularly, the PPV and PVY infection could alter the m6A level of the host endogenous gene. This is suggesting that plant viruses may disrupt the balance of the m6A in plant. Meanwhile, we found that viral genome RNA can be targeted by m6A methylation. Two m6A-enrich regions in PPV genome RNA and four in PVY genome RNA were detected, which are located in the coding region of viruses. Based on the ALKB and METTL sequences in the transcriptome sequencing data of the virus-infected plant, we cloned 2 NbALKB genes and 2 NbMETTL genes in N. benthamiana . According to results of transient expression and VIGS assay, NbALKB gene appears slightly contributing PPV and PVY infection. NbMETTL gene showed certain inhibition effect in PPV infection, but not PVY. Therefore, our data suggested that m6A methylation in plant might be an anti-viral strategy in some plant viruses.

scholarly journals First Report of Pepino Mosaic Virus on Tomato

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. A. van der Vlugt ◽  
C. C. M. M. Stijger ◽  
J. Th. J. Verhoeven ◽  
D.-E. Lesemann
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
First Report ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Alignment

Early in 1999 a new viral disease occurred in protected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) crops in the Netherlands. Infected plants showed yellow leaf spots and mosaic. Transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed particles typical of potexviruses. Only three potexviruses have been reported to infect solanaceous crops: Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV), and Potato virus X (PVX). Inoculation of test plants and serological tests showed that the new virus clearly differed from PAMV and PVX. Immuno-electron microscopy with antiserum to PepMV (1), the original PepMV isolate, and the virus from tomato showed decoration titers of 1:800 (homologous) and 1:400, respectively. Neither virus reacted with antiserum to PVX, nor did PVX react with antiserum to PepMV. Results of host plant analysis with 17 plant species mostly resembled those expected for PepMV. Nucleotide sequence alignment of DNA fragments obtained by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with a specific primer set for potexviruses, directed against the RNA polymerase region, showed 93% identity between PepMV and the virus from tomato, while homologies with PVX, PAMV, and other potexviruses were <60%. Results indicate that the potexvirus in tomato is PepMV. PepMV was first found in pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Peru in 1974 and described by Jones et al. in 1980 (1). This is the first report of a natural infection of tomato by PepMV. Reference: (1) R. Jones et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 94:61, 1980.

scholarly journals Sequence Analysis of Plum pox virus Strain C Isolates from Russia Revealed Prevalence of the D96E Mutation in the Universal Epitope and Interstrain Recombination Events

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sheveleva ◽  
Peter Ivanov ◽  
Tatiana Gasanova ◽  
Gennady Osipov ◽  
Sergei Chirkov
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Recombination Detection Program ◽  
Detection Program ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Universal Epitope ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time ◽  
Generation Sequencing

The understanding of genetic diversity, geographic distribution, and antigenic properties of Plum pox virus (PPV) is a prerequisite to improve control of sharka, the most detrimental viral disease of stone fruit crops worldwide. Forty new PPV strain C isolates were detected in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) from three geographically distant (700–1100 km) regions of European Russia. Analysis of their 3’-terminal genomic sequences showed that nineteen isolates (47.5%) bear the D96E mutation in the universal epitope of the coat protein. Almost all of them cannot be detected by the monoclonal antibody 5B in triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayand Western blot analysis that may potentially compromise serological PPV detection in cherries. Full-length genomes of seven PPV-C isolates were determined employing next-generation sequencing. Using the Recombination Detection Program (RDP4), the recombination event covering the region from (Cter)P1 to the middle of the HcPro gene was predicted in all the available PPV-C complete genomes. The isolates Tat-4, belonging to the strain CV, and RU-17sc (PPV-CR) were inferred as major and minor parents, respectively, suggesting possible pathways of evolution of the cherry-adapted strains. Downy cherry (P. tomentosa) was identified as the natural PPV-C host for the first time.

scholarly journals How does sharka affect the phenolics of plum fruit (Prunus domestica L.)?

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usenik Valentina ◽  
Star Franci ◽  
Kastelec Damijana
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Plant Defense Response ◽  
Necrotic Tissue ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Unripe Fruit ◽  
Phenolic Profile ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Insight Into

Plum pox virus (PPV), the causal agent of the sharka disease, is the most important viral disease in plums. To understand plant defense response against PPV-infection, changes in the composition of phenolics were studied in plum fruit (Prunus domestica L.). The phenolics were determined in visually undeformed and necrotic tissue during the last three ripening stages. The results indicated a significantly modified composition of anthocyanins, flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids, in necrotic tissue the most. The phenolics differed significantly also between developmental stages and give insight into the phenolic profile of fallen unripe fruit. This study shows how PPV infection induces the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plum fruit.

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