scholarly journals Operational effects of implements on crop residues in soil tillage operations

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hůla ◽  
R. Šindelář ◽  
P. Kovaříček
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Maize Residues ◽  
Control Technologies

After spring barley harvest the operational effects of tillers and seed drill on spring barley residues were evaluated in two variants of cultural operations. Generally low values of soil surface coverage by crop residues after cultural operations were performed document that soil tillage and sowing did not comply with the criteria for conservation technologies – the coverage of soil surface by crop residues was lower by 30% after all cultural operations. After silage maize harvest we determined the weight of maize crop residues and coverage of soil surface by these residues after shallow tillage by a disk tiller when nine variants of the operating mode of the tiller were used. Obviously, the change in the operating mode of the tiller was able to influence the coverage of soil surface by maize residues. The evaluation of the operational effects of disc tiller on crop residues indicated some restraints of the use of this group of implements for conservation (erosion-control) technologies of soil tillage.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SOIL TILLAGE AND PLANT RESIDUE ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF AN OXISOL UNDER SIMULATED RAIN

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elói Panachuki ◽  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Teodorico Alves Sobrinho ◽  
Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira ◽  
Dulce Buchala Bicca Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Roughness Index ◽  
Simulated Rain

Surface roughness of the soil is formed by mechanical tillage and is also influenced by the kind and amount of plant residue, among other factors. Its persistence over time mainly depends on the fundamental characteristics of rain and soil type. However, few studies have been developed to evaluate these factors in Latossolos (Oxisols). In this study, we evaluated the effect of soil tillage and of amounts of plant residue on surface roughness of an Oxisol under simulated rain. Treatments consisted of the combination of the tillage systems of no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), and minimum tillage (MT) with rates of plant residue of 0, 1, and 2 Mg ha-1 of oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) and 0, 3, and 6 Mg ha-1 of maize (Zea mays L.). Seven simulated rains were applied on each experimental plot, with intensity of 60±2 mm h-1 and duration of 1 h at weekly intervals. The values of the random roughness index ranged from 2.94 to 17.71 mm in oats, and from 5.91 to 20.37 mm in maize, showing that CT and MT are effective in increasing soil surface roughness. It was seen that soil tillage operations carried out with the chisel plow and the leveling disk harrow are more effective in increasing soil roughness than those carried out with the heavy disk harrow and leveling disk harrow. The roughness index of the soil surface decreases exponentially with the increase in the rainfall volume applied under conditions of no tillage without soil cover, conventional tillage, and minimum tillage. The oat and maize crop residue present on the soil surface is effective in maintaining the roughness of the soil surface under no-tillage.

scholarly journals Cycle of biomass and elements of plant nutrition in soybean crops depending on various preceding crops and primary tillage

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
S. P. Tanchyk ◽  
◽  
D.V. Litvinov ◽  
V.V. Sinchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Primary Tillage

The article analyzes the main laws of the biological cycle of soybean plant biomass, and the parameters of recirculation of nutrients depending on the method and depth of the primary tillage and various preceding crops. It was found that the share of biomass alienated from the field with soybean harvest, depending on the various preceding crops and the primary tillage varied from 31,6 to 32,8 %, which in absolute terms ranged from 1,93 to 3,25 t/ha, and received to the soil with plant residues: from 3,97 to 6,67 t/ha or from 67,2 to 68,4 %. The largest amount of nutrients from 310,2 to 420,5 kg/ha of NPK is involved in soybean crops placed after cereals (winter wheat and spring barley) in the variant of cultivated without soil tillage by 20-22 cm (chisel-deep-tiller), and the lowest after corn for grain from 251,1 to 302,9 kg / ha NPK obtained in the variant during plowing by 20-22 cm. The largest share in the total amount of nutrients in soybean biomass belongs to nitrogen from 61,6 to 65,3 %, the share of phosphorus varies from 12,4 to 14,4 %, and potassium from 20,3 to 25,7 %. The amount of nutrients returned to the soil with plant residues, in relation to their content in the biomass ranges from 41.7 to 55.4% nitrogen, 11,1-14,7 phosphorus and 30,0-46,9 % potassium. It was found that the largest amount of nitrogen enters the soil with crop residues in the variant of soybean placement after soybean and main tillage (disc harrow) by 12-14 cm – 55,4 %. The share of phosphorus was 14,7 %, potassium – 29,8 %. When growing soybeans after cereals, corn for grain and sunflower, the intake of nitrogen in the soil with plant residues was 41,7-42,8 %, phosphorus 11,1-11,2 %, potassium 45,8-46,9 %. The lowest percentage of nitrogen removal - 69.5-69.6% was for the placement of soybeans after soybeans. Although for the removal of phosphorus (14,3%) and potassium – (16,1%) the option of placing soybeans after cereals, corn and sunflower prevailed, where these indicators were respectively (13,0-13,1 %) and (14,5- 14,7 %).

scholarly journals Вплив «нульового» і традиційного обробітків ґрунту на кількість дощових черв’яків у посівах ячменю ярого Правобережного Лісостепу України

2016 ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
С. П. Танчик ◽  
О. М. Одарченко
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
No Till ◽  
Direct Sowing

Досліджено вплив «нульового» і традиційного обробітків на кількість дощових черв’яків в орному шарі чорнозему типового у полі ячменю ярого Правобережного Лісостепу України. Встановлено, що відсутність обробітку ґрунту та накопичення пожнивних решток на його поверхні у варіанті «прямого» висіву позитивно впливали на розвиток популяції дощових черв’яків, що призводило до збільшення їх кількості у 2,6 разів у порівнянні з полицевим обробітком. Виявлено, що за традиційного обробітку від сівби до збирання ячменю ярого відбувалося зменшення дощових черв’яків більше ніж у 9 разів, у той час як за нульового обробітку даний показник зменшився у 2,2 рази. The effect of No-till and conventional tillage on the number of earthworms in the plow layer of typical black earth in spring barley of Right-Bank Forest-Steppe was researched. It was established that the absence of tillage and crop residues accumulation on soil surface under «direct» sowing had a positive influence on the population of earthworms, which led to increase in their number by 2,6 times compared to plow. In plowing variant the amount of earthworms was reducing from sowing to harvesting of spring barley more than 9 times, while in case of No-till it decreased in 2,2 times.

Extension of crop sowing time during dry weather by means of stubble mulching and water injection

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (122) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Radford ◽  
RGH Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Wheat Stubble

The practices of stubble mulching and water injection were tested to determine what extension of crop sowing time they provided during dry weather at four sites on the Darling Downs, Queensland (Acland, Toowoomba, Moola and Dalby). Crops tested were wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize. Crop residues (wheat, barley and sorghum) retained on the soil surface as mulches reduced soil water loss from the seedbed after prolonged soil drying. This resulted in a lower rainfall requirement to refill a mulched seedbed, despite some absorption of rainfall by the mulch itself. A lower rainfall requirement could make sowing possible on a mulched but not an unmulched seedbed, given a suitably marginal sowing rain. Higher soil water contents under mulch increased seedling emergence of wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize after prolonged soil drying. This effectively extended sowing time. On the assumption that sowing time was the period that resulted in crop emergence > 50%, extensions of sowing time were determined from graphs of emergence vs time. For example, about 2000 kg/ha of wheat stubble at Acland extended the sowing time of sunflower (6 cm deep) by 4.0 d. Water injection at 60 ml/m extended sorghum, sunflower and maize sowing time by up to 2.5 d in dry soil but reduced sowing time of these three crops at high soil water levels (under mulch). It was concluded that the additional periods of sowing time obtained during dry weather from stubble mulching or water injection could help distribute the peak demand for labour during sowing operations more evenly.

scholarly journals Evaluation of wind erosion protective efficiency No-till technology in southern Ukraine steppe conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 50-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Chornyy ◽  
A. V. Volosheniuk
Keyword(s):  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Random Surface ◽  
No Till ◽  
Wind Erosion Control

The aim of the research was to the efficiency wind erosion control of farming system «no-till» (NT) for conditions of South Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted at heavy load southern chornozem in the crop rotation «pea – winter (spring) wheat – sorghum – mustard». In field experiment two options of processing of the soil (traditional and minimum) and NT were studied. Options aggregate of surface soil (0–5 cm), the weight of crop residues and projective covering the soil surface were determined. Research field was equipped by meteorological station and field’s wind erosion dust-meter. The efficiency wind erosion control by NT was evaluated in three directions: the presence of dangerous wind erosion period (February–April) a certain amount of plant residues, that protect of soil surface from extreme winds (1); presence during this period of high values of «random» surface roughness of the soil, which reduces the strength of the wind in ground layer of air (2) and values of soil wind erodibility index (3). Evaluation promises more effective in terms of opening up the soil surface crop residues reveals that NT fully meets the criterion of preserving (erosion control) technology – projective cover ground in a dangerous deflationary period is an average of three years of research on the crops of spring wheat – 37.9 % for sorghum crops – 71.1 % and on crops of mustard – 60.2 %. An important indicator of the erosion control efficiency of soil tillage is percentage of vertically oriented surface plant residues. Unbroken soil surface tillage after harvesting will have the maximum amount of such residues. Analysis of these studies show that when used NT observed maximum value of this parameter – 35–55 %, more than that in other tillage. So the version with traditional soil tillage this parameter does not exceed 5 %, and versions with minimal system soil tillage – 30 %. Estimation of effectiveness of soil protection NT via a «random» surface roughness also shows a high ability wind erosion control this technology. At the same time, it should be stated that the presence of high «random» roughness autumn plowing deep plowed fields, despite the fact that the surface of the soil in the case of poorly protected plant residues. The main index of soil wind erodibility is the fraction greater than 1 mm, the so-called «lumpiness». It is known, lumpiness indicator correlate with various other soil wind erodibility indicators, in particular, the mechanical strength of soil aggregates, containing wind erosion fraction by (<0.25 mm) and wind erodibility indicators there were obtained in portable wind tunnel. Intensive plowing of the soil leads to formation of a surface of the soil with high resistance by the strong winds in the fall (lumpiness – 70–90 %). It is connected with specific mechanisms of formation of soil structure. Plowing of solonetzic chernozems, especially after dry summer and an early autumn, leads to formation of soil structure units of the larger sizes. But during the winter of lumpiness by all options of researches gradually decreases, what is explained, first of all, by action on soil units of the procedures «melting» – «freezing» that, in turn, is function from the number of transitions of temperature of the soil through 0 °C. There is a destruction of soil aggregates and dispersion of the soil, in the conditions of an unstable temperature schedule in the winter, that is a consequence of warming of climate when in the afternoon of air temperature and the soil positive, and at night the soil freezes. At the same time, when the surface of the soil during the winter and at the beginning of spring is unploughed the soil condition, as it is observed on options with NT, the number of procedures of transition through 0 °C soil temperatures sharply decreases, so a destruction of aggregates goes not so intensively on the soil surfaces. But, according to our research, in the spring, lumpiness in variants of the NT is not diminished, was 50–70 %, the lower limit soil wind erodibility for chernozem. This phenomenon is bound to higher humidity of the soil which promotes coagulation of soil particles and existence of a large number of plant residues as source of the biological substances with capacity for bonding. These factors strengthen process of formation of aggregates, large by the size, what leads to increase soil lumpiness. Direct observations of NT wind erosion control efficiency during dust storms on 26th and 27th of January, 2014 showed that soil loss in NT was 3.5 times less them on a variant of traditional tillage and 2.9 times less them on a variant of minimum tillage.

scholarly journals Loss of ammonia from nitrogen fertilizers applied to maize and soybean straw

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia de Abreu Faria ◽  
Carlos Antonio Costa do Nascimento ◽  
Godofredo Cesar Vitti ◽  
Pedro Henrique de Cerqueira Luz ◽  
Elaine Maria Silva Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
N Source

In Brazilian agriculture, urea is the most commonly used nitrogen (N) source, in spite of having the disadvantage of losing considerable amounts of N by ammonia-N volatilization. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: N lossby ammonia volatilization from: [urea coated with copper sulfate and boric acid], [urea coated with zeolite], [urea+ammonium sulfate], [urea coated with copper sulfate and boric acid+ammonium sulfate], [common urea] and [ammonium nitrate]; and the effect of these N source son the maize yield in terms of amount and quality. The treatments were applied to the surface of a soil under no-tillage maize, in two growing seasons. The first season (2009/2010) was after a maize crop (maize straw left on the soil surface) and the second cycle (2012/2011) after a soybean crop. Due to the weather conditions during the experiments, the volatilization of ammonia-N was highest in the first four days after application of the N sources. Of all urea sources, under volatilization-favorable conditions, the loss of ammonia from urea coated with copper sulfate and boric acid was lowest, while under high rainfall, the losses from the different urea sources was similar, i.e., an adequate rainfall was favorablet o reduce volatilization. The ammonia volatilization losses were greatest in the first four days after application. Maize grain yield differed due to N application and in the treatments, but this was only observed with cultivation of maize crop residues in 2009/2010. The combination of ammonium+urea coated with copper sulfate and boric acid optimized grain yield compared to the other urea treatments. The crude protein concentration in maize was not influenced by the technologies of urea coating.

scholarly journals Soil CO2 emission as related to incorporation of sugarcane crop residues and aggregate breaking after rotary tiller

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis G Teixeira ◽  
Adrian Fukuda ◽  
Alan R Panosso ◽  
Afonso Lopes ◽  
Newton La Scala Jr
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission ◽  
Sugarcane Crop

Soil tillage is a process that accelerates soil organic matter decomposition transferring carbon to atmosphere, mainly in the CO2 form. In this study, the effect of rotary tillage on soil CO2 emission was investigated, including the presence of crop residues on the surface.Emissions were evaluated during 15 days after tillage in 3 plots: 1) non-tilled and without crop residues on soil surface (NTwo), 2) rotary tiller without the presence of crop residues on soil surface (RTwo), and 3) rotary tiller with the presence of crop residues in soil surface (RTw). Emissions from the RTw plot were higher than the other plots, (0.777 g CO2 m-2 h-1), with the lowest emissions recorded in the NTwo plot (0.414 g CO2 m-2 h-1). Total emission indicates that the difference of C-CO2 emitted to atmosphere corresponds to 3% of the total additional carbon in the crop residues in the RTw plot compared to RTwo. The increase in the RTwo emission in comparison to NTwo was followed by changes in the aggregate size distribution, especially those with average diameter lower than 2 mm. The increase in emission from the RTw plot in relation to RTwo was related to a decrease in crop residue mass on the surface, and its higher fragmentation and incorporation in soil. When the linear correlation between soil CO2 emission, and soil temperature and soil moisture is considered, only the RTw treatment showed significant correlation (p<0.05) with soil moisture.

scholarly journals Carbon Mineralization Rates and Kinetics of Surface-Applied and Incorporated Rice and Maize Residues in Entisol and Inceptisol Soil Types

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7212
Author(s):  
Rakesh S ◽  
Deepranjan Sarkar ◽  
Abhas Kumar Sinha ◽  
Shikha ◽  
Prabir Mukhopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Soil Release ◽  
Maize Residues ◽  
Kinetics Of

Mineralization of carbon (C) is a burning issue that is regulated by soil attributes. It has direct impacts on crop productivity and quantification of organic residues addition in soil. For better understanding and achievement of potential tillage benefits, a comprehensive scientific understanding of C mineralization is very important. Therefore, a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the C mineralization rates and kinetics of crop residues (rice and maize) when applied on the surface (as zero-tillage, ZT) and incorporation (as conventional tillage, CT) in four different soil types (S1 and S2 of Entisol; S3 and S4 of Inceptisols) of West Bengal state, India. Results showed that after 7 days of incubation, there was a rapid phase of decrease in CO2-C. It continued up to day 14 followed by a sluggish nature of CO2 emission up to day-42, and after that almost levelling off in all subsequent periods up to the end of 126 days of incubation. It was evident from the kinetic models that C mineralization from the residues followed the exponential model: C = C0 (1 − e−kt). Similar rate constant (k) values were recorded in both placement methods, but the rate of maximum potential mineralizable (C0k) residue C was higher under residue incorporation treatments for both rice and maize residue. However, the rice and maize residues showed almost similar amounts of C mineralized over time when applied on the surface. The future prediction analysis using the equation C = C0 × e−kt suggested that the residues incorporated into the soil release a maximum C irrespective of residue type. We conclude that the residues when incorporated into the soil significantly increase the C footprints through maximum C mineralization; leaving the crop residues on the soil surface reduces the C footprints which helps in achieving sustainability from an environmental perspective.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Soil Tillage Systems and Crop Residues on the Composition of Weed Communities

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Vaida Steponavičienė ◽  
Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Lina Skinulienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Communities

The composition of weed communities in agricultural crops is dependent on soil properties and the applied agronomic practices. The current study determined the effect of different tillage systems and crop residue on the soil weed community composition. The research programme encompassed 2013–2015 in a long-term field experiment located in the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. The soil type in the experimental field was qualified as Endocalcaric Stagnosol (Aric, Drainic, Ruptic, Amphisiltic). Weeds were categorised into communities according to soil pH, nitrogen and moisture indicators. The results of investigations were grouped using cluster analysis. Agricultural crops were dominated by different weed species depending on the soil pH and moisture. Weed species were relatively more frequent indicating nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, an increase in the abundance of weed species indicating moderate acidity and low acidity, moderately wet and wet, nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils was observed. The application of plant residues decreased the weed species abundance. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, the quantitative distribution of weed was often uneven. By evaluating the association of weed communities with groups of different tillage systems with or without plant residues, their control can be optimised.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Khorasan (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum) and Modern Kabot Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Varieties by UAV and Sensor Technologies under Different Soil Tillage

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1348
Author(s):  
Kristýna Balážová ◽  
Jan Chyba ◽  
Jitka Kumhálová ◽  
Jiří Mašek ◽  
Stanislav Petrásek
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Thermal Cameras

Khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum (Jakubz.)) is an ancient tetraploid spring wheat variety originating from northeast parts of Central Asia. This variety can serve as a full-fledged alternative to modern wheat but has a lower yield than modern varieties. It is commonly known that wheat growth is influenced by soil tillage technology (among other things). However, it is not known how soil tillage technology affects ancient varieties. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different soil tillage technologies on the growth of the ancient Khorasan wheat variety in comparison to the modern Kabot spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety. The trial was arranged in six small plots, one half of which was sown by the Khorasan wheat variety and the other half of which was sown by the Kabot wheat variety. Three soil tillage methods were used for each cultivar: conventional tillage (CT) (20–25 cm), minimum tillage (MTC) with a coulter cultivator (15 cm), and minimization tillage (MTD) with a disc cultivator (12 cm). The soil surface of all of the variants were leveled after tillage (harrows & levelling bars). An unmanned aerial vehicle with multispectral and thermal cameras was used to monitor growth during the vegetation season. The flight missions were supplemented by measurements using the GreenSeeker hand-held sensor and plant and soil analysis. The results showed that the Khorasan ancient wheat was better suited the conditions of conventional tillage, with low values of bulk density and highvalues of total soil porosity, which generally increased the nutritional value of the yield in this experimental plot. At the same time, it was found that this ancient wheat does not deplete the soil. The results also showed that the trend of developmental growing curves derived from different sensors was very similar regardless of measurement method. The sensors used in this study can be good indicators of micronutrient content in the plant as well as in the grains. A low-cost RGB camera can provide relevant results, especially in cases where equipment that is more accurate is not available.

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