Unpacking the Placement of American Indian and Alaska Native Students in Special Education Programs and Services in the Early Grades: School Readiness as a Predictive Variable

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Hibel ◽  
Susan Faircloth ◽  
George Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
American Indian ◽  
School Readiness ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Special Education Placement ◽  
Significant Difference

In this article, Jacob Hibel, Susan Faircloth, and George Farkas investigate the persistent finding that American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students are overrepresented in special education. Using data from the kindergarten cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, the authors compare the third-grade special education placement rate of AI/AN students to that of other racial/ethnic groups. They find that approximately 15 percent of AI/AN third-graders received special education services, a rate far higher than that of the other racial and ethnic groups. However,using multilevel regression analysis to control for a number of confounding factors,including socioeconomic status and test scores at school entry, they find no statistically significant difference between the special education placement rates of AI/AN and non-Hispanic white students. Controlling for a range of school characteristics,they also find that schools with a higher proportion of AI/AN students place these students in special education at rates similar to those of other schools in the United States. The authors conclude that the strongest predictor of special education placement is a student's academic readiness on entering kindergarten as measured by the student's pre-reading and pre-mathematics scores. They discuss the implications of these findings for future research and practice in the education of AI/AN students.

scholarly journals American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Children’s Body Mass Index: Diminished Returns of Parental Education and Family Income

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. p64
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Native Hawaiian ◽  
Pacific Islander ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research

Background: High socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with several health-related outcomes, such as obesity and body mass index (BMI). However, we do not know whether SES is associated differently with children’s BMI from American Indian and Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (AIAN/NHPI) families when compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) families. Aim: To compare AIAN/NHPI and NHW families for associations between parental education, family income, and children’s BMI in the United States (U.S). Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants (n = 8580) included 63 AIAN/NHPI and 8517 NHW children between ages 9 and 10. The independent variables were parental education and family income. The primary outcome was BMI. Race was the moderator. Age, sex, and family structure were covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results: In the pooled sample, higher parental education and family income were associated with lower children’s BMI. We found interactions between race and parental education and family income indicating weaker associations between parental education and family income and children’s BMI in AIAN/NHPI families than in NHW families. Conclusion: The salience of parental education and family income as social determinants of children’s BMI is diminished for AIAN/NHPI families than NHW families. As a result, AIAN/NHPIs children with high SES remain at risk for high BMI, while high-SES NHW children show the lowest BMI. Future research should test if obesogenic environments, food options, and physical activity-friendly neighborhoods can explain higher-than-expected BMI in high-SES AIAN/NHPI children. In other terms, more research is needed to understand if residential segregation, discrimination, and historical trauma explain the observed differences in the social patterning of childhood BMI in AIAN/NHPI and NHW communities.

scholarly journals A Confluence of Policy Inequality: Health Disparities in Old Age Among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
Sadie Giles
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Life Course ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Political History ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Racial health disparities in old age are well established, and new conceptualizations and methodologies continue to advance our understanding of health inequality across the life course. One group that is overlooked in many of these analyses, however, is the aging American Indian/Native Alaskan (AI/NA) population. While scholars have attended to the unique health inequities faced by the AI/NA population as a whole due to its discordant political history with the US government, little attention has been paid to unique patterns of disparity that might exist in old age. I propose to draw critical gerontology into the conversation in order to establish a framework through which we can uncover barriers to health, both from the political context of the AI/NA people as well as the political history of old age policy in the United States. Health disparities in old age are often described through a cumulative (dis)advantage framework that offers the benefit of appreciating that different groups enter old age with different resources and health statuses as a result of cumulative inequalities across the life course. Adding a framework of age relations, appreciating age as a system of inequality where people also gain or lose access to resources and status upon entering old age offers a path for understanding the intersection of race and old age. This paper will show how policy history for this group in particular as well as old age policy in the United States all create a unique and unequal circumstance for the aging AI/NA population.

Examining the influence of transculturation on work ethic in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight M. Hite ◽  
Joshua J. Daspit ◽  
Xueni Dong
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Work Ethic ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Generational Groups ◽  
Survey Responses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of cultural assimilation – termed “transculturation” – on work ethic perceptions, thus this study examines trends in work ethic across ethnic and generational groups within the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Following a literature review on work ethic, ethnicity, and transculturation, an analysis of variance based on 873 survey responses is presented. The sample includes undergraduate and graduate students at several public universities within the USA. Findings – An empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that the variation of work ethic perceptions within the Millennial generation is significantly less than the variation among older generations. The authors find no significant difference in general work ethic perceptions among Millennial ethnic groups. Research limitations/implications – While the study is conducted using a convenience sample, the demographics are closely representative of the USA labor force. The results suggest that Millennials, while a more diverse ethnic population, exhibit less variation among work ethic perceptions than earlier generational groups. Practical implications – Understanding differences in work ethic perceptions across various ethnic groups is valuable for managers interested in designing jobs that appropriately exploit the full value of a multi-generational workforce. Originality/value – The findings of this study offer new insights into how more recent generations, while more ethnically diverse, exhibit a convergence in perceptions of work ethic.

scholarly journals Envisioning health equity for American Indian/Alaska Natives: a unique HIT opportunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 891-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Cullen ◽  
Jan Flowers ◽  
Thomas D Sequist ◽  
Howard Hays ◽  
Paul Biondich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Management System ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Core Mission

Abstract The Indian Health Service provides care to remote and under-resourced communities in the United States. American Indian/Alaska Native patients have some of the highest morbidity and mortality among any ethnic group in the United States. Starting in the 1980s, the IHS implemented the Resource and Patient Management System health information technology (HIT) platform to improve efficiency and quality to address these disparities. The IHS is currently assessing the Resource and Patient Management System to ensure that changing health information needs are met. HIT assessments have traditionally focused on cost, reimbursement opportunities, infrastructure, required or desired functionality, and the ability to meet provider needs. Little information exists on frameworks that assess HIT legacy systems to determine solutions for an integrated rural healthcare system whose end goal is health equity. This search for a next-generation HIT solution for a historically underserved population presents a unique opportunity to envision and redefine HIT that supports health equity as its core mission.

scholarly journals Drawing from justice theories to support targets of online harassment

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482091312
Author(s):  
Sarita Schoenebeck ◽  
Oliver L Haimson ◽  
Lisa Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Online Harassment ◽  
Justice Theories

Most content moderation approaches in the United States rely on criminal justice models that sanction offenders via content removal or user bans. However, these models write the online harassment targets out of the justice-seeking process. Via an online survey with US participants ( N = 573), this research draws from justice theories to investigate approaches for supporting targets of online harassment. We uncover preferences for banning offenders, removing content, and apologies, but aversion to mediation and adjusting targets’ audiences. Preferences vary by identities (e.g. transgender participants on average find more exposure to be undesirable; American Indian or Alaska Native participants on average find payment to be unfair) and by social media behaviors (e.g. Instagram users report payment as just and fair). Our results suggest that a one-size-fits-all approach will fail some users while privileging others. We propose a broader theoretical and empirical landscape for supporting online harassment targets.

scholarly journals BASELINE DRIVING MILEAGE PREDICTS STATE-REPORTED CRASHES ACROSS 5 YEARS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S343-S343
Author(s):  
Junyan Tian ◽  
Sara A Freed ◽  
Lesley Ross
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Population Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Testing Site

Abstract Although annual driving mileage has frequently been examined as a predictor of crashes among older adults, most research used cross-sectional design and relied on self-reported crash data. This study used multivariate regression to examine the number of state reported at-fault crashes between groups of low (14,000km) self-reported annual distance over five years. Additionally, key factors of interest including age, gender, and population density were examined as predictors. The sample included 519 healthy older adults aged 65-90 (M=73.17, SD=5.56) across five sites in the United States. 12% of participants experienced a crash across five years, and among those who crashed, the majority (87%) experienced one crash (range 0-3 crashes). After controlling for age, gender and testing site, people in the high annual mileage group had a greater number of crashes compared to the low mileage group (β=.14, t(513)=2.37, p=.02). There was not a significant difference in number of prospective crashes between the low and medium group. Also, people who drove in sites with low population density had more crashes than those who in high population density sites (β=.10, t(513)=2.24, p=.03). Higher age was associated with a greater number of prospective crashes (β=.01, t(513)=3.67, p =.002); however, gender was not a significant predictor of crashes. Our results highlight the importance of examining prospective crashes over time, and taking mileage and population density into consideration. Future research should examine trajectories of driving exposure in relation to prospective crashes using multilevel modeling.

Special Education Placement and the Self-Concepts of Elementary-School age Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth E. Yauman
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Reading Achievement ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Special Education Placement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Education Participation

This study investigated the relationship between degree or extent of special education participation and measured self-concept. Subjects were 45 third-grade male students of average or above intelligence who were divided into three groups: 1) students in self-contained LD classes, 2) students provided individual tutoring, and 3) a control group of students from regular classes. Since achievement has consistently been found to correlate with scores on self-concept measures, a reading achievement score was obtained for each subject in order to examine the differences in self-concept while statistically controlling for achievement. The results indicated a significant difference among the three groups on both reading achievement and self-concept measures. With the effect of reading achievement covaried out, no significant difference remained among the three groups on measured self-concept. Rank ordering and statistical pairwise comparison of self-concept scores indicated poorer self-concepts for the tutored group despite higher achievement levels than the self-contained group.

scholarly journals Resilience in American Indian and Alaska Native Public Health: An Underexplored Framework

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette I. Teufel-Shone ◽  
Julie A. Tippens ◽  
Hilary C. McCrary ◽  
John E. Ehiri ◽  
Priscilla R. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Collective Resilience

Objective: To conduct a systematic literature review to assess the conceptualization, application, and measurement of resilience in American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) health promotion. Data Sources: We searched 9 literature databases to document how resilience is discussed, fostered, and evaluated in studies of AIAN health promotion in the United States. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: The article had to (1) be in English; (2) peer reviewed, published from January 1, 1980, to July 31, 2015; (3) identify the target population as predominantly AIANs in the United States; (4) describe a nonclinical intervention or original research that identified resilience as an outcome or resource; and (5) discuss resilience as related to cultural, social, and/or collective strengths. Data Extraction: Sixty full texts were retrieved and assessed for inclusion by 3 reviewers. Data were extracted by 2 reviewers and verified for relevance to inclusion criteria by the third reviewer. Data Synthesis: Attributes of resilience that appeared repeatedly in the literature were identified. Findings were categorized across the lifespan (age group of participants), divided by attributes, and further defined by specific domains within each attribute. Results: Nine articles (8 studies) met the criteria. Currently, resilience research in AIAN populations is limited to the identification of attributes and pilot interventions focused on individual resilience. Resilience models are not used to guide health promotion programming; collective resilience is not explored. Conclusion: Attributes of AIAN resilience should be considered in the development of health interventions. Attention to collective resilience is recommended to leverage existing assets in AIAN communities.

scholarly journals Survival Among Minority Populations with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Database Analysis

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 3546-3546
Author(s):  
Owhofasa Agbedia ◽  
Julius Ngwa ◽  
Deepika S. Darbari ◽  
Patricia Oneal
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Targeted Therapies ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
End Results

Abstract Introduction: Cancer affects people of all races in the U.S.; however, the burden is greater for minority populations. This is influenced by factors such as demographics, behavioral factors, and access to medical services. The disparity is well documented in some solid tumors. However, little information exists on a racial disparity in survival among minority populations diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) especially in the era of targeted therapies. A better understanding of the population impact of CML will drive further research into approaches to improve overall outcomes. Methods: All cases of CML diagnosed between 1973 and 2017 and with available follow-up data reported in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were reviewed. We performed a population-based study of CML to evaluate survival by race and calendar year of diagnosis: 1975-1989 (the era of cytotoxic therapy; busulfan and hydroxyurea), 1990-2000 (the era of Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or interferon-alfa ± cytarabine), and 2001-2015 (the era of targeted therapy; Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors). Results: A total of 14572 (56.4% were females) patients diagnosed with CML were included in our analysis. The racial distribution was 83.4% white, 10% black, 0.8% American Indian/Alaska Native and 5.9% Asian or Pacific Islander. 5314 (36.5%), 3725 (25.5%) and 5544 (38%) cases of CML were diagnosed during the 1975-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2015 eras respectively. The median 5-year survival improved by race with each era, with the greatest improvement observed among patients diagnosed during the 2001-2015 era. Although a trend of improvement in the median 5-year survival is seen across all age categories, patients 65 years and older continue to experience only a modest survival benefit in the era of targeted therapies (Table 1). No significant differences in survival by race was observed in the era of targeted therapies (Figure 1). Conclusions: This survival analysis includes a longer follow-up duration (Diagnosis Years: 1973-2015) for patients with CML compared to prior studies. Although an overall improvement in median survival is seen across all age groups and by each era, survival benefits are lagging in certain populations (black and American Indian/ Alaska Native) older than 65. SEER database captures information from metropolitan counties in the United States and this may not truly reflect the health of the entire US population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Parental preference for park attributes related to children’s use of parks in low-income, racial/ethnic diverse neighborhoods

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
S Scott Ogletree ◽  
Jing Huei Huang ◽  
Claudia Alberico ◽  
Oriol Marquet ◽  
Myron F Floyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Latino Parents ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Public parks offer free and easy to access spaces for outdoor recreation, which is essential for children’s outdoor play and physical activity in low-income communities.  Because parks and playgrounds contribute to children’s physical, social, and emotional development, it is critical to understand what makes them attractive and welcoming for families with young children. Parents can be a key determinant to children visiting parks, with their preferences influencing whether or not families visit parks in their neighborhoods. Past studies have posited there are significant differences across racial/ethnic populations in preferred park characteristics, but few have investigated specific park attributes parents from different racial and ethnic groups desire for their children. This study examined attributes associated with parental preferences for parks in low-income diverse communities in New York City, New York and Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, USA. Parents’ responses were grouped into 10 categories using content analysis, with four key preference themes identified: physical attributes, experiences, social environment, and amenities. Physical attributes (i.e., playgrounds, sports fields, green spaces) were most desired among all groups. A significant difference across race/ethnic groups was found in New York but not in Raleigh-Durham. In New York, Latino parents had a strong preference for experience attributes (i.e. safety, safe facilities, cleanliness) which differed from other groups. Examining Latino parents in both cities we found no significant difference between cities. Although there is no one-size-fits-all approach to encourage park use, our finding suggests facilities and park safety are modifiable ways local government agencies could design and maintain parks that would be preferred by parents for their children. Future research should examine how neighborhood context may influence parent preferences related to parks. Parents’ responses were grouped into 10 categories using content analysis, with four key preference themes identified. A significant difference across race/ethnic groups was found in New York but not in Raleigh-Durham. Examining Latino parents in both cities we found no significant difference between cities. Physical attributes (i.e., playgrounds, sports fields, green spaces) were most desired among all groups. In New York, Latino parents had a strong preference for Experience attributes (i.e. safety, safe facilities, cleanliness) which differed from other groups. Future research should examine how neighborhood context may influence parent preferences related to parks and children’s physical activity.

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