scholarly journals Detection, diagnosis and clinical tuberculosis in children with hiv infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Elena B. Vasilieva ◽  
Marina E. Lozovskaya ◽  
Ludmila V. Klochkova ◽  
Iulia A. Yarovaya ◽  
Olga M. Noskova
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Clinical Detection ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children

The problem of combination of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV remains relevant. Majority of HIV patients are young adults, 90% of which are women of childbearing age, thereby increasing the perinatal HIV transmission rate. In 2014 in Saint Petersburg, >5,000 children with perinatal contact HIV were reported and >300 children were confirmed with HIV infection. We present a comparative analysis of the case histories of 20 children with TB-HIV and 30 with tuberculosis without HIV infection. The analysis identified several cases of delayed diagnosis. In >50% of the cases, the diagnosis of HIV infection was confirmed after 1 year. Four children with HIV infection were diagnosed at school age and connected to suspected cases of tuberculosis. The clinical detection of TB occurs more commonly in children with HIV infection than in those without HIV infection (25% and 5%, respectively). In both groups, tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes was predominantly observed; however, generalized forms of TB were also diagnosed in the group with co-infection (25% of the cases). HIV patients often have decreased body mass, low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, and anemia. Hepatosplenomegaly was equally observed in both groups. More than one third (35%) of patients with co-infection had negative sensitivity to tuberculin, and Diaskintest was positive in 50% of the cases. The prevalence and severity of TB in children with HIV infection correlates with the severity of immunosuppression.

scholarly journals Reconsidering the Number of Women With HIV Infection Who Give Birth Annually in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Nesheim ◽  
Lauren F. FitzHarris ◽  
Margaret A. Lampe ◽  
Kristen Mahle Gray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Women With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

Objectives: The annual number of women with HIV infection who delivered infants in the United States was estimated to be 8700 in 2006. An accurate, current estimate is important for guiding perinatal HIV prevention efforts. Our objective was to analyze whether the 2006 estimate was consistent with the number of infants with HIV infection observed in the United States and with other data on perinatal HIV transmission. Methods: We compared the number of infants born with HIV in 2015 (n = 53) with data on interventions to prevent perinatal HIV transmission (eg, maternal HIV diagnosis before and during pregnancy and prenatal antiretroviral use). We also estimated the annual number of deliveries to women living with HIV by using the number of women of childbearing age living with HIV during 2008-2014 and the estimated birth rate among these women. Finally, we determined any changes in the annual number of infants born to women with HIV from 2007-2015, among 19 states that reported these data. Results: The low number of infants born in the United States with HIV infection and the uptake of interventions to prevent perinatal HIV transmission were not consistent with the 2006 estimate (n = 8700), even with the best uptake of interventions to prevent perinatal HIV transmission. Given the birth rate among women with HIV (estimated at 7%) and the number of women aged 13-44 living with HIV during 2008-2014 (n = 111 273 in 2008, n = 96 363 in 2014), no more than about 5000 women with HIV would be giving birth. Among states consistently reporting the annual number of births to women with HIV, the number declined about 14% from 2008 to 2014. Conclusion: The current annual number of women with HIV infection delivering infants in the United States is about 5000, which is substantially lower than the 2006 estimate. More accurate estimates would require comprehensive reporting of perinatal HIV exposure.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Tuberculosis in Children with Unrealized Perinatal HIV Infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
S. N. Shugaeva ◽  
E. D. Savilov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children

The results of a cohort study of 177 newborns, from birth until they were 18 months old, are presented: the 87 children with unrealized perinatal HIV infection and 90 children were not exposed to HIV prenatally. Children who were free from HIV, but exposed to HIV prenatally, have 5.5 times higher prevalence of risk factors of tuberculosis, is associated with unfavorable social environment and health disorders. Children with unrealized perinatal HIV infection constitute a risk group of tuberculosis.

scholarly journals TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH PERINATAL HIV INFECTION ON THE TERRITORY OF PRIMORSKY KRAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
A. A. Yakovlev ◽  
M. S. Kornilov ◽  
S. N. Beniova ◽  
L. F. Sklyar ◽  
O. A. Skaly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children

scholarly journals HIV Transmission Rates and Factors Associated with Recent HIV Infection: Results from the Ndhiwa HIV Impact Assessment, South Nyanza, Kenya, 2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S15-S15
Author(s):  
Elfriede Agyemang ◽  
Clement Zeh ◽  
Irene Mukui ◽  
David Maman ◽  
Andrea Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Identifying populations with high HIV transmission rates is important for prevention and treatment strategies. Persons with recently acquired HIV infection are drivers of HIV transmission due to high levels of HIV viral load (VL). We assessed annual HIV transmission rates and factors associated with recent infection to inform targeted interventions in a hyperendemic region in Kenya. Methods The Ndhiwa HIV impact assessment was a population-based survey among persons aged 15–59 years living in South Nyanza, Kenya in 2012. Respondents were tested for HIV using rapid tests per national guidelines and provided blood for centralized testing. Specimens from HIV+ persons were tested for VL and recent infection. Recent infection was defined as normalized optical density value <1.5 on the Limiting Antigen Enzyme Immunoassay, VL >1,000 copies/mL, and no report of HIV treatment. The annual HIV transmission rate per 100 persons living with HIV (PLHIV) was calculated as HIV incidence divided by HIV prevalence, multiplied by 100. Annualized HIV incidence was estimated, assuming a mean duration of recent infection of 141 days (confidence interval [CI] 123–160). Multivariate analysis identified independent factors associated with recent infection. Estimates were adjusted for survey design. Results Of 6,076 persons tested, 1,457 were HIV+, and 28 were recently infected. HIV incidence and prevalence were 1.7% (CI 1.5–2.0) and 24.1% (CI 22.6–25.5), respectively. Per 100 PLHIV, the annual HIV transmission rate was 7.0 and varied by sex (4.6 male vs. 8.3 female), age (5.2 aged 30+ vs. 10.4 aged <30), and residence (1.4 Kobama vs. 12.0 Riana vs. 12.1 Pala divisions). After controlling for age, sex, and residence, recently infected persons were significantly more likely to reside in Pala division (AOR 8.3, CI 1.1–62.9) than HIV-uninfected persons. Conclusion Approximately 7 in 100 PLHIV transmitted to HIV-uninfected persons in South Nyanza in 2012, similar to national rates observed in the 2012 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey. HIV transmission rates were higher in females than males, younger than older, and Riana and Pala than other divisions. Residence in Pala was a risk factor for recent infection. These findings could guide prioritization of interventions to interrupt HIV transmission in this hyperendemic setting. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Management of HIV Infection during Pregnancy in the United States: Updated Evidence-Based Recommendations and Future Potential Practices

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassam H. Rimawi ◽  
Lisa Haddad ◽  
Martina L. Badell ◽  
Rana Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Virologic Suppression ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Health Organization

All HIV-infected women contemplating pregnancy should initiate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), with a goal to achieve a maternal serum HIV RNA viral load beneath the laboratory level of detection prior to conceiving, as well as throughout their pregnancy. Successfully identifying HIV infection during pregnancy through screening tests is essential in order to preventin uteroand intrapartum transmission of HIV. Perinatal HIV transmission can be less than 1% when effective cART, associated with virologic suppression of HIV, is given during the ante-, intra-, and postpartum periods. Perinatal HIV guidelines, developed by organizations such as the World Health Organization, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the US Department of Health and Human Services, are constantly evolving, and hence the aim of our review is to provide a useful concise review for medical providers caring for HIV-infected pregnant women, summarizing the latest and current recommendations in the United States.

scholarly journals Incidence of HIV-infected infants born to HIV- infected mothers with prophylactic therapy: Preliminary report of hospital birth cohort study

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Nia Kurniati ◽  
T Nilamsari ◽  
Arwin AP Akib
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
First Child ◽  
The Status ◽  
Prophylaxis Therapy ◽  
Almost All

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is expandingrapidly and was reported double in several places in Indonesia Toour knowledge, reports regarding HIV-infected infants are stillscarce.Objectives To investigate the incidence of HIV-infected infantsborn to HIV- mothers who had received prophylaxis therapy at birth.Methods A prospective hospital-based cohort study was held fromJanuary 2003 until December 2004 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hos-pital, Jakarta. The inclusion criteria were mothers with positive HIVand their infants had been given anti retroviral (ARV) therapy. Thebabies were followed up monthly and the status of infection wasdetermined by PCR at the age of 4 weeks and 6 months. Outcomewas measured based on PCR assays or clinical signs of HIV in-fection.Results The mothers’ age ranged from 19 to 27 years. All of themwere carrying their first child and only 41% mothers took ARV pro-phylaxis. Almost all mothers underwent caesarean section and theinfants had formula feeding. HIV infection was diagnosed in 7 in-fants and 2 of them had RNA assays more than 5,000 copies/ml.Six infants were negatives whereas 3 infants were diagnosed asindeterminate HIV infection and needed further examination. Oneneeded no further investigation as the mother was seronegative.Conclusions Preventing HIV transmission from mother to infantcan be done by giving ARV during prenatal, intrapartum, and post-natal period to the newborn. In our hospital, transmission was con-firmed in 6 of 17 infants. Unison protocol must be used and popu-lation of HIV-pregnant mother must be registered in order to knowhow high the transmission rate among Indonesian HIV people

scholarly journals Аnalysis of the epidemiological situation and perinatal HIV infection in the Vologda region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
A. V. Kazachek ◽  
T. N. Melnikova ◽  
A. V. Samarina ◽  
V. V. Rassokhin
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Medical Documentation ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Fisher Criterion ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Vologda Region ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Purpose. To analyze the epidemiological situation and perinatal HIV infection in the Vologda region.Materials and methods. The article provides a retrospective and prospective analysis of data obtained from the forms of state statistical observation and accounting forms of medical documentation, using the Chi-square calculator, Fisher criterion, risk ratio to assess the effectiveness of measures to prevent perinatal HIV transmission in the Vologda region.The results of the study showed that the detection of HIV infection during pregnancy in the Vologda region tends to increase. At the same time, there are still problems such as adherence to dispensary monitoring and treatment in women who have drug dependence, which requires further improvement of the legal framework and clear implementation of approved algorithms by medical professionals.

scholarly journals Potential Efficacy of Pregnancy Status on HIV Laboratory Reports

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott Brannon ◽  
Jessica Fridge ◽  
Joseph Foxhood
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Viral Load Test ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Pregnancy Status

This study quantified the opportunities for reducing perinatal HIV transmission if pregnancy status was available on laboratory reports. For mothers whose HIV status was known before pregnancy and who had an HIV test during pregnancy, the highest transmission rate occurred in those without a viral load test (7.0%). This analysis suggests pregnancy status on laboratory reports would be useful for targeting women who have an HIV test during pregnancy but no viral load test. Health Departments should continue to work on the identification of pregnancy status on HIV laboratory reports and should require this information in their laboratory reporting guidelines.

Mother to child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission: what HIV-infected women think. Our experience in Rome, Italy

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 551-553
Author(s):  
E Visconti ◽  
Lucia Pastore Celentano ◽  
Salvatore Marinaci ◽  
Giancarlo Scoppettuolo ◽  
Enrica Tamburrini
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Risk Rate ◽  
Mother To Child

Objectives: To investigate the knowledge of the risk of HIV vertical transmission as well as the feeling about the new therapy in reducing that rate. Methods: We included 152 HIV-infected women. A self reported questionnaire was administered from September to December 2000. Results: About the risk rate of transmitting HIV to their baby, 21 (13.8%) women indicated 100%; 67 (44.1%) 50-80%; 35 (23%) 10-50% and only 22 women (14.5%) answered the correct value of less than 5%. Regarding the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 82 women (53.9%) considered therapy effective in reducing vertical HIV transmission, while 63 women (41.4%) considered therapy powerless in preventing mother to child HIV transmission. Any statistically significant difference in sociodemographic, clinical, viroimmunological characteristics and antiretroviral therapy emerged between the groups. Conclusions: Our data highlight the importance of providing appropriate counselling about perinatal HIV transmission to all childbearing age HIV infected women.

RISK FOR PERINATAL HIV-1 TRANSMISSION ACCORDING TO MATERNAL IMMUNOLOGIC, VIROLOGIC, AND PLACENTAL FACTORS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Joseph Church
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Maternal Hiv ◽  
Maternal Hiv Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

Subgroups of HIV-infected women based upon maternal immunologic and placental characteristics had a risk of perinatal HIV transmission that varied from 7% to 71%. The impact of different risk factors for perinatal HIV vary over the course of maternal HIV infection.

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