Sleeping Beauty or the Beast? – The Metabolic Syndrome from an Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Perspective

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a significant health issue. Patients with cardiovascular disease as well as patients with diabetes have a high prevalence of OSA, and the prevalence of coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke and diabetes is increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Physiological responses to OSA include sympathetic activation, neurohumoral changes and inflammation, all of which are precursors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. International guidelines are starting to recognise the importance of OSA for patients with cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure and hypertension. Diagnosis is important, and home-based sleep testing devices can facilitate this process. Treating OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension, but more research is needed to determine which components of the metabolic syndrome respond best to the addition of CPAP therapy.

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Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Impairs Heart Rate Variability in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome

Heart Lung and Circulation ◽

10.1016/j.hlc.2007.06.215 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. S84

Author(s):

B. Weatherhead ◽

C. Neil ◽

M. Barnes ◽

R. Pierce ◽

A. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽

Sleep Apnoea ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Obstructive Sleep

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Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease

Heart Lung and Circulation ◽

10.1016/j.hlc.2005.08.010 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. S2-S7 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Darren Mansfield ◽

Matthew T. Naughton

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Congestive Heart Failure ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽

Sleep Apnoea ◽

Obstructive Sleep

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Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and the metabolic syndrome in an internal medicine setting

European Journal of Internal Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.ejim.2010.03.006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 191-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Francesco Angelico ◽

Maria del Ben ◽

Teresa Augelletti ◽

Rosanna de Vita ◽

Rocco Roma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Medicine ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽

Sleep Apnoea ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome ◽

Sleep Apnoea Syndrome ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Obstructive Sleep

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The prevalence of syndrome Z (the interaction of obstructive sleep apnoea with the metabolic syndrome) in a tertiary care center, Gujarat, India

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20184760 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 1476

Author(s):

Bhavesh R. Sureja ◽

Gaurav D. Bhambhani

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽

Care Center ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Sleep Apnoea ◽

Entire Group ◽

Tertiary Care Center ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Obstructive Sleep

Background: The interaction of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) with vascular risk factors is known as syndrome Z which is also known as the metabolic syndrome or the insulin resistance syndrome and these include the hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of syndrome Z at tertiary care center.Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 40 eligible patients between May and July 2018 at the tertiary care center included adult patients >18years of age. Overnight fasting glucose and lipid levels were measured, and baseline anthropometric data recorded. All sleep studies were scored and reported by a sleep physician. OSA was deemed to be present if the respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was >5, with mild, moderate and severe categories classified according to the Chicago criteria.Results: Mean age of participants was 52.7years, 77.5% were male, Mean BMI and waist circumference were 29.2kg/m2 and 113.8cm respectively. Almost 92.5% participants were known case of HTN, 85.0% were DM and 67.5% Dyslipidemia. Around 60.0% participants were belonged to severe grade of OSAS and 7 (17.5%) patients who fulfilled all five criteria for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome had severe OSAS. The prevalence of OSA in the entire group was 95.0%.Conclusions: The prevalence of syndrome Z in present study participants was very high. With the help of history and polysomnogram, metabolic syndrome should be screened for OSA. Early diagnosis and treatment of OSA is the essential part in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and hence CAD.

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The Effect of Lifestyle Interventions on Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Journal of Sleep Disorders Treatment & Care ◽

10.4172/2325-9639.1000139 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 03 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Irshaad O. Ebrahim

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽

Sleep Apnoea ◽

Lifestyle Interventions ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Obstructive Sleep

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Gamma glutamyl transferase – an underestimated marker for cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome

Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.18433/jpps30923 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 65-74

Author(s):

Manuela G Neuman ◽

Stephen Malnick ◽

Lucy Chertin

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Gamma Glutamyl ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Tract Involvement ◽

Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Enzyme Test

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme in glutathione and cysteine metabolism. GGT is a standard liver enzyme test reflecting biliary tract involvement. It also has a prooxoidant activity and a modulating influence on endothelia dysfunction. GGT is associated with the metabolic syndrome and is often elevated in patients with NAFLD. There is also a role for GGT activity in several aspects cardiovascular disease. There is an association between elevated GGT and cardiovascular mortality, atrial fibrillation, exacerbation of congestive heart failure . In addition there is an association with obstructive sleep apnea. We review the evidence available and suggest that there is a need for further assessing the use of GGT, together with the presence of the metabolic syndrome as a prognostic marker.

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