scholarly journals Modernization of new irrigated lands in a scenario of increasing water scarcity: from large reservoirs to small ponds

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jlassi ◽  
E. Nadal-Romero ◽  
J. M. García-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Strategies

Large rainfed, dryland areas were transformed into irrigated land in northeast Spain, where rivers from the Pyrenees Range ensure the availability of abundant water resources. The transformation of the Riegos del Alto Aragón area (RAA), mainly during the second half of the 20th century, was subject to major problems during the 1960s and 1970s, including monoculture of poorly productive winter cereals, water wastage, and soil degradation. Since the 1990s the RAA has been affected by modernization involving: (i) a change in the mode of irrigation, from gravity to sprinkler systems; (ii) the concentration of plots to enlarge the size of irrigated fields; and (iii) the introduction of more productive and highly water-consuming crops (corn, lucerne, vegetables). These changes coincided with enlargement of the irrigated area, increasing water demand at a time of increasing water scarcity because of restriction on the construction of new large reservoirs and declining water resources, because of climate and land use changes. Addressing this major problem has required new strategies, specifically the construction of small reservoirs and water ponds within the irrigated area. The ponds increase water reserves and facilitate sprinkling irrigation by adding pressure to the system. However, this has involved a huge rise in electricity consumption, which has increased the cost of production.

scholarly journals Water and Hydro Power

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
C. V.J. Varma
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Per Capita

Water is life and energy, basic human needs. The water supply and hydropower demand scenario for India for the year 2025 shows that 90% of the area of the country falls under the Physical Water Scarcity Group. While 500kWh/year per capita energy consumption is considered to be the minimum needed to ensure a quality of life, many developing countries consume less than 76 kWh/year. Hydropower is renewable clean energy and needs to be fully exploited. In Asia and Africa, there is a great opportunity for regional cooperation in development of water resources and hydropower with which to benefit cooperating countries.Key words: Water resources; Water scarcity; Regional cooperation; Per capita electricity consumption; Electricity production capacity; IndiaDOI: 10.3126/hn.v7i0.4228Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVol 7, July, 2010Page: 17-19Uploaded date: 31 January, 2011

Doing and Allowing

Philosophy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Woollard
Keyword(s):  
Moral Significance ◽  
Convincing Argument ◽  
Moral Distinction ◽  
Harm To Others ◽  
The Difference ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Personal Sacrifice ◽  
Common Sense Morality ◽  
The Cost

According to common-sense morality, the difference between doing and allowing harm matters morally. Doing harm can be wrong when merely allowing harm would not be, even if all other factors are equal: the level of harm is the same, the agent’s motivation is the same, the cost to the agent of avoiding countenancing harm is the same, and so on. Suppose that you have accidentally swallowed poison and you need to get to hospital urgently. It might be permissible for you to refuse to stop and help if you spot Sarah drowning, but impermissible for you to push her into a river to clear your way to the hospital. Without this moral distinction between doing and allowing, it seems likely that our everyday morality would look very different. Treating doing and allowing harm as equivalent seems to leave us with a morality that is either much more permissive than we normally think it is (permitting us to do harm to others to avoid personal sacrifices) or much more demanding (requiring us to prevent harm to others even at great personal sacrifice). Yet the moral significance of the distinction is highly controversial. When serious harm to others is at stake, it may seem puzzling that it should matter whether the harm is done or merely allowed. Powerful critics have argued that the distinction is morally irrelevant. Others have charged that the distinction itself falls apart under scrutiny: our intuitions about whether behavior counts as doing or allowing harm do not reflect any clear, nonmoral distinction. Much of the early contemporary debate on the moral relevance of the distinction between doing and allowing harm focused on appeals to intuitions. We are asked to examine “contrast cases” in which all others factors are supposedly held constant. However, appeals to intuitions are of limited use. They may establish whether we treat the distinction as morally relevant, but they cannot show whether we ought to do so. The real challenge for a defender of the doing/allowing distinction is to provide a clear analysis of the distinction and a convincing argument that, under this analysis, the distinction connects appropriately to more fundamental moral concepts. This article maps out the philosophical literature on the analysis and moral significance of the distinction between doing and allowing harm, from the beginnings of contemporary interest in the issue in the 1960s and 1970s to recent trends and developments.

Electricity Consumption and Durable Housing: Understanding Cohort Effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora L Costa ◽  
Matthew E Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Housing Stock ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Home Construction ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

We find that households living in California homes built in the 1960s and 1970s had high electricity consumption in 2000 relative to houses of more recent vintages because the price of electricity at the time of home construction was low. Homes built in the early 1990s had lower electricity consumption than homes of earlier vintages because the price of electricity was higher. The elasticity of the price of electricity at the time of construction was -0.22. As homes built between 1960 and 1989 become a smaller share of the housing stock, average household electricity purchases will fall.

scholarly journals Written Notice of Cooling-Off Periods: A Forty-Year Natural Experiment in Illusory Consumer Protection and the Relative Effectiveness of Oral and Written Disclosures

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Sovern
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
State Statutes ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

For more than forty years, a standard tool in the consumer protection toolbox has been the cooling- off period.  Federal statutes, state statutes, and federal regulations all oblige merchants to give consumers three days to rescind certain contracts.  This paper reports on a survey of businesses subject to such cooling-off periods.  The study has two principal findings. First, the respondents indicated that few consumers rescind their purchases.  Thus, the study raises doubts about whether cooling-off periods benefit consumers or whether they provide only illusory consumer protection. The article also offers speculations about why cooling-off periods have been of such little value to consumers.Second, the study found that consumers who receive both oral and written notice of their rights are more likely to avail themselves of those rights than those who receive only written notices, and that the differences are statistically significant.  Fifty-three percent of the sellers who gave only a written notice and did not speak of the buyer’s right to cancel said buyers never cancelled, nearly double the percentage for sellers who did tell buyers (27%).  Businesses that provided both oral in-person and written notices of the right to rescind were more than twice as likely to report that more than 1% of their customers cancelled contracts as those that provided only written notices.  The article also explores why oral and written notices combined were more effective than written notice alone.Finally, the survey asked respondents about the cost of cooling-off periods.   More than four-fifths of the respondents who answered the question reported that the right to cancel had cost them either nothing or very little. This contrasts with the vehement opposition of opponents of such rules when they were first adopted in the 1960s and 1970s.

scholarly journals Impacts of land use changes and climate variability on transboundary Hirmand River using SWAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1695-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Hajihosseini ◽  
Hamidreza Hajihosseini ◽  
Saeed Morid ◽  
Majid Delavar ◽  
Martijn J. Booij
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Annual Discharge

Abstract Many river basins are facing a reduction of flows which might be attributed to changes in climate and human activities. This issue is very important in transboundary river basins, where already existing conflicts about shared water resources between riparian countries can easily escalate. The decrease of streamflow in the transboundary Hirmand (Helmand) River is one of the main challenges for water resources management in Iran and Afghanistan. This research aims to quantify the causes of this problem which has a direct impact on the dryness of the Hamoun wetlands being an international Ramsar site. To achieve this, the land use changes in the Middle Helmand Basin (MHB) in Afghanistan were evaluated for three time periods between 1990 and 2011 using remote sensing data and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model for understanding watershed response to environmental changes. It was concluded that the total irrigated area in the region has increased from 103,000 ha in 1990 to 122,000 ha in 2001 and 167,000 ha in 2011 (62% increase). According to the results, the average annual discharge when adapting the land use during the simulations was 4,787 million cubic meters (MCM)/year and while employing the land use of 1990 from the beginning of the simulations, the average annual discharge was 5,133 MCM/year. Therefore, the agricultural developments in the Helmand basin decreased the discharge with about 346 MCM/year accompanying an increase of 64,000 ha in an irrigated area in MHB after 1990. Notably, the impact of land use change increases significantly for more recent periods and causes a reduction of 810 MCM in annual streamflow for the MHB. The amount of water depletion (i.e. actual evapotranspiration) per hectare has increased from 5,690 in 1985 to 7,320 m3 in 2012. The applied methodology of this study is useful to cope with such a data scarcity region. It can help quantify the impact of land use change on the region and formulates strategies that can improve the situation between Iran and Afghanistan.

The Pelvic Exam and the Politics of Care

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-57
Author(s):  
Kelly Underman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Pelvic Exam ◽  
Medical Educators ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Strategies

This chapter examines how teaching and learning the pelvic in United States medical education have been transformed by feminist practices of care, even as these same practices have been coopted in order to serve the interests of physicians and medical educators. It focuses especially on the disruptive potential of affect and how they are managed by new strategies of governance in medical education. The chapter is also informed by by ways in which, in the 1960s and 1970s, the Women’s Health Movement, medical education research, and transformations in biomedicine altered one another’s trajectories and changed how the pelvic exam is taught to medical students and, thus, the pelvic exam itself.

Ken Russell's Wartime Imagery

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
War Films ◽  
Personal Style ◽  
American Cinema ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
Wartime Experience ◽  
National Experience

This article traces Ken Russell's explorations of war and wartime experience over the course of his career. In particular, it argues that Russell's scattered attempts at coming to terms with war, the rise of fascism and memorialisation are best understood in terms of a combination of Russell's own tastes and personal style, wider stylistic and thematic trends in Euro-American cinema during the 1960s and 1970s, and discourses of collective national experience. In addition to identifying Russell's recurrent techniques, this article focuses on how the residual impacts of the First and Second World Wars appear in his favoured genres: literary adaptations and composer biopics. Although the article looks for patterns and similarities in Russell's war output, it differentiates between his First and Second World War films by indicating how he engages with, and temporarily inhabits, the stylistic regime of the enemy within the latter group.

Mind Bending, Mental Seduction and Menticide: Brainwashing in British Spy Dramas of the 1960s

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Burton
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Thought Control ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Scientific Background ◽  
Mind Control ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Cultural Fantasy

Brainwashing assumed the proportions of a cultural fantasy during the Cold War period. The article examines the various political, scientific and cultural contexts of brainwashing, and proceeds to a consideration of the place of mind control in British spy dramas made for cinema and television in the 1960s and 1970s. Particular attention is given to the films The Mind Benders (1963) and The Ipcress File (1965), and to the television dramas Man in a Suitcase (1967–8), The Prisoner (1967–8) and Callan (1967–81), which gave expression to the anxieties surrounding thought-control. Attention is given to the scientific background to the representations of brainwashing, and the significance of spy scandals, treasons and treacheries as a distinct context to the appearance of brainwashing on British screens.

The ‘Modernisation’ of Scotland and its Impact on Glasgow, 1955–1979: ‘Unwanted Side Effects’ and Vulnerabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chik Collins ◽  
Ian Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Uk Government ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This article reports findings of research into the far-reaching plan to ‘modernise’ the Scottish economy, which emerged from the mid-late 1950s and was formally adopted by government in the early 1960s. It shows the growing awareness amongst policy-makers from the mid-1960s as to the profoundly deleterious effects the implementation of the plan was having on Glasgow. By 1971 these effects were understood to be substantial with likely severe consequences for the future. Nonetheless, there was no proportionate adjustment to the regional policy which was creating these understood ‘unwanted’ outcomes, even when such was proposed by the Secretary of State for Scotland. After presenting these findings, the paper offers some consideration as to their relevance to the task of accounting for Glasgow's ‘excess mortality’. It is suggested that regional policy can be seen to have contributed to the accumulation of ‘vulnerabilities’, particularly in Glasgow but also more widely in Scotland, during the 1960s and 1970s, and that the impact of the post-1979 UK government policy agenda on these vulnerabilities is likely to have been salient in the increase in ‘excess mortality’ evident in subsequent years.

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