scholarly journals O “QUADRO GEOGNÓSTICO DO BRASIL” DE WILHELM LUDWIG VON ESCHWEGE: BREVES COMENTÁRIOS À SUA VISÃO DA GEOLOGIA NO BRASIL

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich E. Renger
Keyword(s):  
Physical Geography ◽  
Iron Formation ◽  
Mica Schist ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
Quadrilátero Ferrífero ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
East West

O trabalho apresenta uma resenha da obra “Geognostisches Gemälde von Brasilien und wahrscheinlichesMuttergestein der Diamanten “ de Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege por ocasião do sesquicentenário da suamorte em 1o de fevereiro de 2005. A obra foi publicada, em pequena tiragem, em 1822. Trata inicialmentedos grandes divisores de água: um de direção aproximada leste – oeste, separando a bacia do rio Amazonasdas dos rios Paraná e Paraguai, que Eschwege batiza de “Serra das Vertentes”, o outro divisor separa a baciado Rio São Francisco dos rios que correm diretamente ao Oceano Atlântico o qual chama de “Serra doEspinhaço”, incluindo nela a Serra da Mantiqueira. Em segundo lugar apresenta um esquema estratigráficobaseado nos modelos usados na Europa, como, por exemplo, aquele proposto em 1787 por AbrahamGottlieb Werner, professor da Academia de Minas de Freiberg na Alemanha. A Primeira FormaçãoPrimitiva é formada pelo embasamento cristalino, a Segunda Formação Primitiva corresponde às seqüênciassupracrustais dobradas (representadas pelos Supergrupos Rio das Velhas, Minas e Espinhaço), a Terceira oude Transição abrange essencialmente o atual Grupo Bambui e uma quarta subdivisão reúne depósitossuperficiais como aluviões e coberturas terciárias e quarternárias. Percebe-se que suas idéias a respeito dageologia do Brasil são fortemente influenciadas pela escola netunista de Werner. Descreve aindamacroscopicamente os principais tipos de rocha encontrados no Brasil, define os novos termos “itacolumito”e “itabirito” e introduz o termo “tapanhoacanga” na nomenclatura geológica, todos com suas localidadestipo.Tapanhoacanga, hoje reduzida para canga, é de origem indígena de tapanhu = escravo negro e acanga= cabeça (ou a = cabeça e canga = osso). A última parte do “Quadro geognóstico... “ trata da ocorrência dosdiamantes no Brasil e de sua possível rocha matriz, na sua opinião formados em concreções limoníticasoriginadas das rochas ferruginosas da Segunda Formação Primitiva.Palavras-chave: História da Geologia, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Serra do Espinhaço, estratigrafia precambriana,itabirito, itacolumito, canga, diamantes ABSTRACT: ESCHWEGE’S “GEOGNOSTICAL SKETCH OF BRAZIL AND THE PROBABLE SOURCE ROCK OFDIAMONDS”: BRIEF COMMENTS ON HIS VISION OF BRAZILIAN GEOLOGY. This small brochure waspublished in 1822 by the German geologist Wilhem Ludwig von Eschwege (1777 – 1855) and is nowtranslated to Portuguese for the first time completely as a memorial of his passing away 150 years ago.Initially, Eschwege reports on the physical geography of Brazil and suggests the names “Serra das Vertentes”(Watershed Mountains) and “Serra do Espinhaço” (Backbone Ridge), running East – West the first and North– South the second, separating the great hydrographic basins in Brazil. A main chapter is dedicated to a veryfirst proposal of a stratigraphic scheme based on European models of the time and heavily influenced by A.G. Werner, the principal protagonist of the neptunism, which interpreted all rocks as being precipitated fromaqueous solutions. He distinguishes four stratigraphic divisions: the First Primitive Formation containinggranite, gneiss, and mica schist, corresponding in more modern terms to the crystalline basement; the SecondPrimitive Formation is formed by itacolumite (quartzite), itabirite (iron formation) and schist, representedby the Rio das Velhas, Minas, and Espinhaço supergroups. The third or Transitional Formation composed byslates, quartz schist, greywacke, and massive limestone corresponds to the Macaúbas and Bambui groups. Thefourth and uppermost formation encloses all superficial deposits, such as alluvial, river gravels and a peculiarferruginous conglomerate called by the native tapanhoacanga, which means Negro head. His argumentationis heavily influenced by neptunistic thinking. Eschwege still describes in great detail the principal rock types,as known at this time in Brazil and introduces the terms itacolumite, itabirite and (tapanhoa)canga into thegeological nomenclature. The second part is dedicated to the occurrence, distribution and origin of Braziliandiamonds. He considers that they are formed within any rock of his Second Primitive Formation, due to theoccasional founding of limonitic concretions with inclusions of diamonds.Keywords: History of geology, Quadril

Die Bundeswehr und die Belgischen Streitkräfte in Deutschland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Springer
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Training Areas ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peak Phase ◽  
East West

This study is dedicated to the regional history of the East-West conflict on the basis of the relationship between the Germany military and the Belgian armed forces stationed in Germany. The central question it addresses is which factors were largely responsible for the interdependence between actors and institutions of both armies. In addition to analysing the limited time of the peak phase of Belgian military deployment in the Federal Republic 1946–1990, the book concentrates regionally on the military training areas of Vogelsang in the Eifel and the Wahner Heide near Cologne as military contact zones. For this purpose, the author evaluates unpublished archival sources at the local level for the first time.

The Will of Cardinal Giordano Orsini (ob. 1438)

Traditio ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 257-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Celenza
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Renaissance Humanism ◽  
The Third ◽  
Textual History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
First Time

There are many still unstudied aspects of the cultural history of early Quattrocento Rome, especially if we consider the years before 1443, the date of the more or less permanent re-entry into the civitas aeterna of Pope Eugenius IV. The nexus between the still ephemeral papacy and the emerging intellectual movement of Italian Renaissance humanism is one of these aspects. It is hoped that this study will shed some light on this problem by presenting a document that has hitherto not been completely edited: the original will of Cardinal Giordano Orsini. As we shall see, this important witness to the fifteenth century provides valuable information on many fronts, even on the structure of the old basilica of Saint Peter. The short introduction is in three parts. The first has a discussion of the cardinal's cultural milieu with a focus on the only contemporary treatise specifically about curial culture, Lapo da Castiglionchio's De curiae commodis. The second part addresses the textual history of the will as well as some misconceptions which have surrounded it. The third part contains a discussion of the will itself, along with some preliminary observations about what can be learned from the critical edition of the text here presented for the first time.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Emergence of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in the 2002 General Elections

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 142-153
Author(s):  
Jamal Shah ◽  
Zahir Shah ◽  
Syed Ali Shah
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Political Force ◽  
The Third ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
General Elections ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Though Pakistani politics is heavily influenced by religion assumed to be the reason d'etat of the creation of Pakistan, prior to 2002, religious, political parties had never achieved effective electoral results. The October 2002 elections for the National and Provincial Assemblies were a turning point for the religious, political parties in the history of Pakistan. It was the first time that a conglomeration of six religious, political parties, the Jamaat-i-Islami, the Jamiat-i-Ulema-iPakistan (JUP-N), Jamiat-i-Ahle Hadith (JAH-S), the Jamiat-Ulema-iIslam (JUI-F), Jamiat-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI-S), and the Tehrik-i-Jaferia Pakistan (TJP) swept the polls under the umbrella of the Muttahida Majlise-Amal (MMA) (United Council for Action) due to the active support of the Army and America. The alliance emerged as the third-largest political force in the country, with 45 out of the 272 National Assembly general seats. Moreover, the MMA got an overwhelming mandate in the KhyberPakhtunkhwa (KP) and Baluchistan, allowing it to form a government in the KP and became a coalition partner in Baluchistan. The present study is an attempt to answer the question, "what were the causative factors of MMA's emergence and whether it achieved what it promised during the election campaign?".

scholarly journals Motet “Jesu, Meine Freude” by Johann Sebastian Bach: Comparative Analysis of Editions of Musical Text

2021 ◽  
pp. 167-181
Author(s):  
Dmytro Savon
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Johann Sebastian Bach ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Choral Repertoire ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baroque Era ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

Relevance and scientific novelty of the selected subject for the research. In the Ukrainian musicology, the motets written by Johann Bach were mainly studied from the compositional means standpoint, considering the system of polyphony, the role of chorale and fugue in dramaturgy as well as the composition of works. Scientists have not previously researched the motets performance specificity. Meanwhile, motets, particularly the one reviewed in the article “Jesu, meine Freude”, are among the most frequently performed works of the choral repertoire. For the first time in the Ukrainian musicology, three edited versions of the motet “Jesu, meine Freude” are analyzed from the standpoint of historically oriented performance. Based on the study of editors’ comments and source literature (mostly German), the question of compliance of the musical text with the task of performing reconstruction of the baroque vocal and choral style was studied. The aim of the article lies in the need to find out specificity of the editors’ interpretation of motet “Jesu, meine Freude” written by Johann Bach and suitability extent of different edited versions for the historical reconstruction of the vocal-choral style of the German Baroque. During the development of particular article, such methods were utilized: historical — the history of edited versions of “Jesu, meine Freude” motet was traced, comparative — the comparative analysis of three edited versions of motet “Jesu, meine Freude” written by Johann Bach (Franz Wulner, Konrad Ameln and Mykhailo Berdennykov) was completed. Main results and conclusions. According to the completed comparative analysis, the first two of the three considered edited versions are textual, while the third one is adopted for performing. Textual versions are characterized by the preservation of the composer’s text in the smallest details, including comments to clearly identify the extent of changes made by the editor in the text. The peculiarities of the version adopted for performing contain the large amount of remarks added by the editor, covering dynamic shades, strokes, tempo notation, etc. It is noted that the choice of version type is determined by performance goals: to perform the works of Johann Bach in an authentic manner, the conductor should focus on facsimile versions, and if they are absent (as in the case of the “Jesu, meine Freude” motet), the one should use textual type of edited versions. The version developed for performing cannot correspond to the authentic performing, as the first does not reflect specific tendencies of the time when it was created. It is specified that the conductor should be familiar with the peculiarities of fixing the means of performance in the musical text of the Baroque era.

Russian Idea, the

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Walicki
Keyword(s):  
Russian History ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Vladimir Solov'ev ◽  
Russian Idea

‘The Russian Idea’ is a term used by Russian thinkers to define specific features of Russian culture, the spiritual make-up of the Russian nation, the meaning of Russian history and, as a rule (although not always), Russia’s unique mission in the universal history of humanity. The term was introduced for the first time in 1861 by Dostoevskii, for whom the essence of the Russian Idea was the ‘universal humanity’ (or ‘all-humanity’) of the Russian spirit. At the same time however, Dostoevskii linked the Russian Idea with Russian imperial messianism. Thus, the notion of the Russian Idea included from its beginning a characteristic tension between striving for universalism and nationalist self-assertion.. The first philosopher to devote a special separate work to the Russian Idea (l’Idée russe, Paris, 1888) was Vladimir Solov’ëv, for whom the national idea was ‘not what a given nation thinks about itself in time, but what God thinks about it in eternity’. He was influenced by Dostoevskii but, challenging Russian nationalists, put much greater emphasis on universalism, stressing that the peculiar greatness of the Russians consisted in their capacity for ‘self-renunciation’. The first case of this self-renunciation was the so-called ‘calling of the Varangians’, that is, the voluntary acceptance of foreign rule; the second was the reforms of Peter the Great: rejection of native traditions for the sake of universal progress. Now the Russian nation should commit itself to the third, most important act of self-renunciation: to submit itself to the authority of the pope, restoring thereby the unity of the Universal Church and bringing about the reconciliation between East and West. But this act of humility was seen by Solov’ëv as a precondition from the fulfilment of Russia’s great mission of creating the universal, freely theocratic Christian Empire. Solov’ëv invoked in this connection the monk Philotheus’ idea of ‘Moscow as the Third Rome’ but reversed its meaning by putting emphasis on symbolic Rome, that is, not on national isolationism and keeping intact the purity of the Orthodox faith, but on ecumenical universalism and the messianic task of the Christian transformation of the world. Owing to Solov’ëv, the term ‘Russian Idea’ came to be applied retrospectively, as a designation of a set of problems characteristic for Russian philosophical discussions about the essence of ‘Russianness’. Most historians agree that these problems were formulated under the reign of Nicholas I and that the first thinker who posed them forcefully was Pëtr Chaadaev.

scholarly journals II. The meteorology of the Bombay Presidency

1877 ◽  
Vol 25 (171-178) ◽  
pp. 539-540
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Meteorological Elements ◽  
Western Half

This work consists of four parts—the first dealing with registrations of meteorological phenomena at the Colába Observatory during a period of twenty-seven years; the second with moderately full observations at five military stations in the Bombay Presidency during a period of nineteen years; and the third with large numbers of observations from civil hospitals and revenue stations, being those of selected registers extending over various periods from not less than a fortnight up to a number of years: in this part the phenomena treated are temperature of the ah, winds, and rainfall only; and the extent of territory to which the observations refer includes the whole of the Presidency, bind, and the western half of Rajputána. In the fourth part are discussed the general distribution (as regards both space and season) of temperature and rainfall, and the variations of the wind; first with respect simply to the physical geography of the country, and then in combination with certain theoretical views, the elucidation of which, by means of the dynamical theory of heat and the kinetic theory of gases, occupies much space. Nearly half the memoir is devoted to the work of the Colába Observatory, of the history of which a short sketch is given. The design of this part is to give a compendious account of the results of a long and continuous maintenance of the Observatory, both in the shape of numerical determinations of meteorological elements and of their periodical and other variations, and in throwing light by means of these upon the physical conditions and actions which give rise to the observed relations between different phenomena, and to the variation of these relations with time.

Charles Lyell and G. B. Brocchi: A Study in Comparative Historiography

1976 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Charles Lyell ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Principles Of Geology

In the second volume of the Principles of geology Lyell had occasion to speak of G. B. Brocchi, ‘whose untimely death in Egypt’, he said, ‘is deplored by all who have the progress of geology at heart’. Whatever he understood to be the debt of other geologists to that Italian fossil conchologist, Lyell himself owed him much for providing scientific data and interpretations integrated in his own geological synthesis, but especially for furnishing the escutcheon of the third chapter in the review of the history of geology which Lyell appended as a late but enthusiastic embellishment to the Principles of geology. The ‘Discorso sui progressi dello studio della conchiologia fossile in Italia’, an eighty-page essay on the history of his subject, was contained in the first volume of Brocchi's Conchiologia fossile subappennina and afforded Lyell succinct notices on Italian geologists from the sixteenth century to his own time, as well as cues for the introduction of other non-Italian sources.

scholarly journals Critical Analysis on Tasawwuf Schools

Teosofia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-274
Author(s):  
Mokhamad Rohma Rozikin
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

As one of disciplines, Sufism has undergone the stages of scientific development. It is difficult to reach an agreement related to the classification of Sufism schools from the first time it appeared until today. However, by taking the characteristics of each thought into account, Sufism can be classified into several schools, namely Rajā 'wa khauf Sufism, Maḥabbah Sufism, Happy Sufism, Al-Ḥallāj Sufism, Al-Gazzālī Sufism, Philosophical Sufism, and Ibn Taimiyyah Sufism. Sufism that grew in the early days, in the first and second centuries of Hegira, such as Maḥabbah and Rajā' wa khauf Sufism, was in general undisputed because it was still far from the influence of foreign elements and had strong attachments to Al-Qur'an and Sunah. Sufism in the third and fourth centuries of Hijra, although from the scientific side is more established, systematic, and structured, the symptoms of conflict with Fiqh began to grow which reached its peak in the time of Al-Hallāj. Sufism in the fifth century, at the time of Al-Gazzālī, was the most beautiful period in the history of Sufism because Sufism and Fiqh could be integrated. Sufism in the next period began to had another conflict because of the influence of philosophy until the time of Ibn Taimiyyah who wanted to return Sufism to its origin. This paper conducted a literature review on the history of Sufism to capture the schools that have emerged since its inception. In the final section, a critical analysis of the Sufism schools was carried out and it was closed with a few ideas on how to eclectically adapt the results of this critical analysis for the Islamic Education learning.

scholarly journals Fold pattern analysis around Kanjamalai Salem district Tamilnadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-32
Author(s):  
Thirukumaran V ◽  
Suresh R
Keyword(s):  
Interference Pattern ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Iron Formation ◽  
Amplitude Analysis ◽  
Banded Iron Formation ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Granulite Terrain ◽  
The Hill

Kanjamalai one of the fascinating location in Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) for studying Archaean geology and structures as the entire hill is made up of variety of rock types like two pyroxene granulite, amphibolites, quartzo - feldsapthic gneisses, banded iron formation, and intrusive rocks like dunite, peridotite and pegmatite and beautifully carved structures. The entire hill resembles a canoe shape with doubly plunging fold structure with E-W elongation. The entire hillock seems to sit pretty on mylonitised hornblende biotite gneisses which also have a common N70-95 degree trend and sub vertical dip with NE plunge which is in contradiction to centrally plunging lineations of the hill. The SW part of Kanjamalai near Chinasrirangapadi was displaying beautiful fold structures, with interference pattern out of which six domains were selected for detailed study and analysis. The multiple generation folded structure will have a clue in reconstructing the deformation history of this Kanjamalai. The observed f1, f2 and f3 folds show significant Type III interference pattern as that of Ramsay and 01 and 03 type folds of Bernhard Grasemann.   Wavelength –amplitude analysis was made to generalize and regroup the observed folds in to high amplitude, high wavelength or open folds, low wavelength and Mesoscopic folds. And visual harmonic analysis was made to analyse the symmetry of the folds and analyze the geometry, symmetry and harmony and genesis of the fold in terms of relative timing of the events.

Creating Map Readers

2018 ◽  
pp. 47-85
Author(s):  
Kory Olson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
Third Republic ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
French Society ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Time

The loss to the cartographically proficient Prussian army in 1870 initiated a drive to introduce more geography and maps into French society. One way to do that was through education. Jules Ferry’s 1881 reforms made primary school laïque (secular), free, and obligatory. In addition, classrooms textbooks such as Fouillée’s Le Tour de la France par deux enfants taught the benefits of geography. This cartographic introduction provided immediate access to small, simple maps to millions for the first time, effectively democratizing them on a large scale. As Fouillée introduced maps to schoolchildren, Vidal de la Blache promoted physical geography in France, the study of which will improve topographical accuracy on future maps. as the French learned how to read cartographic documents as the Third Republic progressed, I look at the changing nature of map publishing at the end of the nineteenth century and how that transformation affected future cartographic products. Enhancements in technology facilitated a more robust cartographic publishing industry, one in which printing in colour became easier and less expensive and, as we see throughout the book, more prominent.

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