Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Rafsanjan, Iran

Background and Purpose: Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins present both in the environment and in foodstuffs. The food of infants should be safe and free of various pollutants, including breast milk mycotoxins. This study aimed to measure the mycotoxin of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human milk samples obtained from lactating mothers living in Rafsanjan city, Iran. Materials and Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, breast milk samples were collected from 150 lactating mothers in Rafsanjan city from September 2015 to April 2016 using the structured food-frequency questionnaire. The AFM1 was measured by employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific kits. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16). Results: The AFM1 was detected in 98 mothers (65%) with a mean concentration of 14.69±8.15 ng/kg, ranging from 5.02 to 41.25 ng/kg. The AFM1 concentration exceeded the tolerable and accepted limit promulgated by the European Union and the USA (25 ng/kg) in only 10 milk samples. Moreover, in 59 milk samples, the AFM1 concentration exceeded the limit recommended by Australia and Switzerland (10 ng/kg). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, lactating mothers and their infants are at risk of AFM1 exposure in southern Iran. Accordingly, the examination of AFM1 concentrations in lactating mothers, as a critical postnatal exposure marker of infants to this carcinogenic compound, requires further studies in various seasonal periods and different parts of Iran.

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Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-083 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 (10) ◽

pp. 1737-1741 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Jomana Elaridi ◽

Maya Bassil ◽

Joelle Abi Kharma ◽

Farah Daou ◽

Hussein F. Hassan

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Daily Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P > 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.

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Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Human Breast Milk and Raw Cow's Milk in Istanbul, Turkey

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-72.4.885 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 885-889 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

YAŞAR KESKIN ◽

RUHTAN BAŞKAYA ◽

SEHER KARSLI ◽

TÜRKAN YURDUN ◽

OĞUZ ÖZYARAL

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

High Performance ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Raw Cow’S Milk

This survey was undertaken to determine the extent of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in human breast milk and raw cow's milk in Istanbul, Turkey. Samples of human and raw cow's milk were collected randomly and analyzed for AFM1 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in which the samples were cleaned up with immunoaffinity columns. In this study, AFM1 was detected in 8 (13.1%) of 61 human breast milk samples examined (mean ± SD level, 5.68 ± 0.62 ng/liter; range, 5.10 to 6.90 ng/liter) and 20 (33.3%) of 60 raw cow's milk samples examined (range, 5.40 to 300.20 ng/liter). Five (8.3%) of the positive raw cow's milk samples had AFM1 levels (153.52 ± 100.60 ng/liter; range, 61.20 to 300.20 ng/liter) that were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 ppb) stipulated by regulations in Turkey and some other countries.

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LACTOFERRIN LEVELS IN MOTHER’S MILK

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.04.2274 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (04) ◽

pp. 527-530

Author(s):

SYED QAISER HUSAIN NAQVI ◽

MOHAMMAD SHIRAZ KHAN ◽

ALI AKBAR SIYAL ◽

Mir Muhammad Sehto ◽

Riaz Ahmed Qazi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Human Breast ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Mother's Milk ◽

The Mean

Objective: This study was aimed to see the significance of Lactoferrin in human breast milk among lactating mothers of healthyand sick babies. Place and duration: This study was conducted at pathology and paediatrics departments of Peoples University of Medical andHealth Sciences Nawabshah, Shaheed Benazirabad between Jan 2011 to Dec 2011. Design: Cross sectional study. Method: Lactoferrinlevels in breast milk of 356 mothers of healthy babies were estimated and similarly lactoferrin levels in breast milk of 318 lactating mothers ofsick babies were estimated & these results were analyzed. Results: the mean lactoferrin level in breast milk of 356 lactating mothers of healthybabies was 9.37 mg/ml and the mean lactoferrin level in breast milk of 318 mothers nursing sick babies was 3.73mg/ml. Conclusions: There isdecrease in lactoferrin levels of lactating mothers of sick babies in their mature milk, which could account for the susceptibility of their babies toinfection.

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Services Provided for Lactating Mothers at Lactation Management Clinic in Selected Tertiary Level Hospitals

Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine ◽

10.3329/jopsom.v38i2.47867 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 68-73

Author(s):

Tarannum Tasnim ◽

ANM Shamsul Islam ◽

Mehedi Hasan Azad ◽

Farhana Sharmin

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Milk Production ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Advice ◽

Tertiary Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Breast Milk Production ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Background: Children are the precious gift from the Almightily Allah and breast milk is an ideal product given to the human being by nature to fulfill all requirements of the offspring until they are matured enough to take adult food. Objective: To assess the services provided for lactating mothers at lactation management centre in selected tertiary level hospitals. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 100 Lactating mothers who were selected conveniently and were interviewed by pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and an observational checklist. Collected data were processed and analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Science) software. Results: Lactation management centre (LMC) is supervised by a consultant and separate room is allotted in both out-patient and in-patient departments. Mothers came with lactation problems were more likely in the first month of the baby (73%) and feeling of not enough milk production was common (49%).Highly significant relationship was found between breast problems of lactating mother and age of child (p<0.001). About 84% respondents received practical demonstration on position and attachment of the baby during lactation. About 91% respondents got dietary advice for enough breast milk production, 75% got dietary advice regarding their child’s weaning food chart and69% got health education. Maximum mothers were informed about LMC by doctor & nurse (82%). Conclusion: Information about LMC services should be disseminated across the country. Lactating mothers should be familiarized with LMC and public awareness should be enhanced for effective management of breastfeeding problem to promote, protect and support the breastfeeding. JOPSOM 2019; 38(2): 68-73

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Correlation Between Docosahexaenoic Acid Intake and It’s Content in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Jakarta

World Nutrition Journal ◽

10.25220/wnj.v03.i2.0006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Raphael Kosasih ◽

Ninik Mudjihartini ◽

Saptawati Bardosono

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Centers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Moderate Positive Correlation

Objective: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant structural fatty acid in the brain and crucial for cognitive development in early life. Newborn DHA intake completely depends on preformed DHA in mother’s breast milk. In advancing years, globalization has been declining the fish intake of Asian countries. This study aims to determine DHA intake among lactating mothers in Jakarta and its association with breast milk’s DHA.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Grogol Petamburan and Cilincing Public Health Centers, Jakarta. Eighty healthy lactating mothers aged 20–35 years old in 1–6 months postpartum were taken using consecutive sampling method. Characteristics data were taken by interviews and DHA intake was assessed with the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Breast milk specimens were collected in the morning and its DHA content was analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. Descriptive analyses and Spearman rho test were used with a 95% confidence level.Result: This study showed the median of subjects’ DHA intake was 158.5(13.9–719.7) mg/day, i.e., 67.5% of the subjects was below Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommendation. The median of breast milk DHA was 51.7(19–184.7) mg/day, only 42.5 % of the subjects had breast milk DHA to meet the minimal requirement of their infant. A moderate positive correlation was found between maternal DHA intake with breast milk DHA (r = 0.478, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Maternal DHA intake has moderate positive correlation with breast milk DHA, more than half of the subject had DHA intake below FAO recommendation.

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A Study on the Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow’s Milk in Jiroft

International Journal of Medical Laboratory ◽

10.18502/ijml.v8i2.6281 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohadeseh Kamali ◽

Seyyedeh Sedigheh Seyyedi ◽

Mehdi Taheri Sarvtin

Keyword(s):

Immune Deficiency ◽

Chemical Form ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

The European Union ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Tolerance Level ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Maximum Tolerance

Background and Aims: Cow's milk is a daily staple food for many individuals that can be contaminated with many toxins such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). AFM1 is a chemical form of the aflatoxin B1 produced by some species of Aspergillus genus like A. ochraceus, A. flavus, A. nomius, and A. parasiticus that can contaminate feed and forage cattle. This toxin enters into the milk after eating contaminated feed by cows. AFM1 can cause various dangerous diseases such as cancer and immune deficiency in humans. The present study is aimed to investigate the level of AFM1 in cow's milk in Jiroft, Kerman Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 cow’s milk samples were collected in spring and summer 2019 from available stores in Jiroft city. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure AFM1 in all cow’s milk samples.Results: In the present study, AFM1 was found in 88 (97.8%) milk samples with a range of 0.2-90.62 ppt (mean, 20.07±24.46 ppt). AFM1 concentrations exceeded 50 ppt (maximum tolerance level of AFM1 in the European Union) was seen in 12 (13.3%) samples. Conclusions: The results of this study showed the presence of AFM1 in cow's milk in Jiroft city. So, in this region, many people are exposed to dangerous diseases such as cancer due to the consumption of milk contaminated with AFM1.

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A cross-sectional study of lactation room quality and Dutch working mothers’ satisfaction, perceived ease of, and perceived support for breast milk expression at work

International Breastfeeding Journal ◽

10.1186/s13006-021-00415-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sjoukje A. van Dellen ◽

Barbara Wisse ◽

Mark P. Mobach ◽

Casper J. Albers ◽

Arie Dijkstra

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Working Mothers ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Perceived Support ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

High Quality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Breast Milk Expression ◽

Lactating Mothers

Abstract Background The challenge of combining professional work and breastfeeding is a key reason why women choose not to breastfeed or to stop breastfeeding early. We posited that having access to a high-quality lactation room at the workplace could influence working mothers’ satisfaction and perceptions related to expressing breast milk at work, which could have important longer term consequences for the duration of breastfeeding. Specifically, we aimed to (1) develop a checklist for assessing the quality of lactation rooms and (2) explore how lactation room quality affects lactating mothers’ satisfaction and perceptions. Drawing on social ecological insights, we hypothesized that the quality of lactation rooms (operationalized as any space used for expressing milk at work) would be positively related to mothers’ satisfaction with the room, perceived ease of, and perceived support for milk expression at work. Methods We conducted two studies. In Study 1 we developed a lactation room quality checklist (LRQC) and assessed its reliability twice, using samples of 33 lactation rooms (Study 1a) and 31 lactation rooms (Study 1b). Data were collected in the Northern part of the Netherlands (between December 2016 and April 2017). Study 2 comprised a cross-sectional survey of 511 lactating mothers, working in a variety of Dutch organizations. The mothers were recruited through the Facebook page of a popular Dutch breastfeeding website. They completed online questionnaires containing the LRQC and measures aimed at assessing their satisfaction and perceptions related to milk expression at work (in June and July 2017). Results The LRQC was deemed reliable and easy to apply in practice. As predicted, we found that objectively assessed higher-quality lactation rooms were associated with increased levels of satisfaction with the lactation rooms, perceived ease of milk expression at work, and perceived support from supervisors and co-workers for expressing milk in the workplace. Conclusions The availability of a high-quality lactation room could influence mothers’ decisions regarding breast milk expression at work and the commencement and/or continuation of breastfeeding. Future studies should explore whether and how lactation room quality affects breastfeeding choices, and which aspects are most important to include in lactation rooms.

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Special Foods and Local Herbs Used to Enhance Breast milk Production in Ghana: Rate of Use and Beliefs of Efficacy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-47431/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zakari Ali ◽

Mohammed Bukari ◽

Anita Mwinisonaam ◽

Abdul-Latif Abdul-Rahaman ◽

Abdul-Razak Abizari

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Milk Production ◽

Black Tea ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Items ◽

Breast Milk Production ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

The Media ◽

Suboptimal Breastfeeding

Abstract Background Inadequate breast milk production is one of the key factors associated with suboptimal breastfeeding. In most local African homes, special herbs and some food items are commonly used to promote breast milk production (known as lactogogue/galactogogue). We describe the use and characterize the herbs and food items used to promote breastmilk production in two regions of Ghana. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 402 lactating mothers. The range of foods used as lactogogues was obtained through focus group discussions. Quantitative data on demographics, lactogogue use and feeding practices were obtained through questionnaire administration. Results The mean age of women was 29.2 years and children were 10 months. Breastmilk production problems were low (22.4%) and majority of lactating mothers felt they had adequate breastmilk (70.4%) but awareness about lactogogues was widespread in both regions (88.8%) and highest in the Brong-Ahafo region (90.0%). Information about lactogogues was mainly from grandparents (24.6%), parents (31.6), health facilities (16.5%) and friends (12.8%), while the media had little influence (< 1%). Prevalence of lactogogue use was 83.8%, lactogogues were prepared separate from household meals (59.4%) and consumed 1 to 3 times a day (89.6%). Users felt the effectiveness within 24hrs of use (98.5%). The most common lactogogues included; groundnut/peanut soup prepared with Bra leaves (Hibiscus sabdariffa), hot black tea, Werewere/Agushi (Citrulus colocynthis) prepared with Bra leaves, and Abemudro (a polyherbal formulation). Only 13.2% of lactating mothers also used lactogogues during pregnancy. Conclusion Special foods and selected herbs are widely used to enhance breastmilk production in Ghana and constitute an important part of the diet of lactating mothers. These results could contribute to understanding breastfeeding behaviours and professional support for lactating women with breast milk production concerns in Ghana.

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IL-8 May Be the Target of Arsenic in Human Breast Milk

International Journal of Medical Laboratory ◽

10.18502/ijml.v7i1.2470 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Khodayar Ghorban ◽

Maryam Dadmanesh ◽

Mahmood Sheikh Fathollahi ◽

Zeynab Rezai ◽

Paria Ezati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Cytokine Production ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Positive Relation ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Milk Contamination ◽

Normal Controls

Background and Aims: The critical aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of breast-milk contamination with Nickel and Arsenic, as well as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) on the milk levels of IL-6 and IL-8. Materials and Methods: Breast milk was collected from 76 mothers on the 30th day post-parturition and milk levels of AFM1, Nickel, Arsenic, IL-6 and IL-8 were evaluated. Results: The results showed 8 and 29 out of 76 collected samples being contaminated with AFM1, Nickel and Arsenic, respectively. Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the milk samples did not differ in AFM1 and Nickel and Arsenic contaminated milk compared with the normal controls (non-contaminated milks). There was a moderate positive relation between milk levels of IL-8 and Arsenic. Conclusions: Although AFM1, Nickel and Arsenic are the inducers of cytokine production; they are unable to induce secretion of IL-6 in breast milk. Arsenic can be a trigger of IL-8, which is a strong chemoattract for neutrophils. Thus, it appears that Arsenic may induce an inflammation in milk in IL-8 dependent manner.

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Micronutrient intakes of lactating mothers and their association with breast milk concentrations and micronutrient adequacy of exclusively breastfed Indonesian infants

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqz047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 110 (2) ◽

pp. 391-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lisa Daniels ◽

Rosalind S Gibson ◽

Aly Diana ◽

Jillian J Haszard ◽

Sofa Rahmannia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Pantothenic Acid ◽

Sole Source ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Milk Volume

ABSTRACT Background Breast milk is the sole source of nutrition for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 mo of life, yet few studies have measured micronutrient concentrations in breast milk in light of maternal diet and subsequent infant micronutrient intakes. Objectives We evaluated the adequacy of micronutrient intakes of exclusively breastfed Indonesian infants by measuring milk volume and micronutrient concentrations and assessed maternal micronutrient intakes and their relationship with milk concentrations. Methods Mother–infant (2–5.3 mo) dyads (n = 113) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Volume of breast-milk intake via the deuterium dose-to-mother technique over 14 d and analyzed micronutrient concentrations were used to calculate micronutrient intakes of exclusively breastfed infants. Maternal 3-d weighed food records were collected to assess median (IQR) micronutrient intakes. Multivariate regression analyses examined the association of usual maternal micronutrient intakes with milk micronutrient concentrations after adjustment for confounding variables. Results Mean ± SD intake of breast-milk volume was 787 ± 148 mL/d. Median daily infant intakes of iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, sodium, and B-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, B-6, and B-12) were below their respective Adequate Intakes. Inadequacies in maternal intakes (as % < estimated average requirements) were >40% for calcium, niacin, and vitamins A, B-6, and B-12. Significant positive associations existed between maternal usual intakes of vitamin A, niacin and riboflavin and milk retinol, nicotinamide, and free riboflavin concentrations in both unadjusted and adjusted (for infant age, milk volume, and parity) analyses (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The majority of micronutrient intakes for these exclusively breastfed infants and their mothers fell below recommendations, with associations between maternal intakes and breast-milk concentrations for 3 nutrients. Data on nutrient requirements of exclusively breastfed infants are limited, and a better understanding of the influence of maternal nutritional status on milk nutrient concentrations and its impact on the breastfed infant is needed.

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