Income Inequality by Gini-Coefficient on Suicide Death in Iran: A Review of National Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef VEISANI ◽  
Ali DELPISHEH ◽  
Reza VALIZADEH ◽  
Sattar KIKHAVANI
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
National Data ◽  
Suicide Death ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Background: Research in source of inequality and enhance of knowledge can be reducing the inequalities in the coming decades. Therefore, we aimed to ascertain effects of income inequality measured by Gini-coefficient to death from suicide in Iran. Methods: This is an ecological study on the relation of Gini-coefficient and suicide death in Iran. Data were obtained from Iranian Urban and Rural Household Income for Gini-coefficient and Expenditure Survey and Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization for suicide. Concentration Index was used to determine of inequality by Gini-coefficient in suicide death and prediction model was applied by Stata software. Significant level considered less than 5%. Results: A Gini-coefficient between 0.2523 and 0.3755 (mean, 0.3092) was observed. The overall concentration index CI was -0.10 (95% CI= -0.19 to -0.01), therefore our results confirmed a positive inequality in incidence suicide rate result from income inequality in Iran. Conclusion: Our results showed a positive inequality due to Gini-coefficients in suicide death. This study could be a start for investigation of inequality source in geographical units and at the individual level in all provinces

scholarly journals INCOME INEQUALITY IN UKRAINE: FEATURES OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR OF HOUSEHOLDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Fomina O. ◽  
Hoholieva N.
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Concentration Curve ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Food Expenditures

The goal of article is to identify the characteristics of economic behavior of households based on the study of inequality and statistical analysis of their income and expenditure for the period of 2014–2019. The population differentiation according to the level of per capita equivalent income for 2019 was analyzed and Gini coefficient was calculated based on the methods of economic and mathematical statistics. The Lorentz concentration curve was constructed using the graphical-variational method. Based on the method of analysis and synthesis, the resources and expenditures of households in 2014–2019 were studied and conclusions were made about their economic behavior. The calculated Gini coefficient for Ukraine's economy in 2019 is 23.50% which means that there is a moderate level of inequality in the country. The analysis of household income and expenditure statis-tics provides information on low standards of living, as the main sources of household income are wages, pensions, scholarships, and social benefits; the most important item of expenditure is food expenditures. Economic behavior of households, resulting from the current standard of living, the structure of its resources and expenditures, is defined as passive and is characterized by adaptation, conformism and patience of the population to their living conditions, which hinders the active development of so-cio-economic system and the change of economic thinking. The Lorentz curve proves the low level of population differentiation in Ukraine, however, given the high proportion of the poor in the country, there is a need to improve the methodology for collecting and compiling statistical information. The scientific novelty is in the practical application of the method of calculating the Gini coef-ficient and construction of the Lorentz concentration curve on the basis of data from the State Statistics Service was developed. Based on the analysis of household income and expenditure, the type of their economic behavior was defined as passive. The practical significance is in the basis for the study of different types of economic human behavior in the system of social relations based on the analysis of socio-economic inequality was developed. Keywords: income inequality, economic behavior, welfare level, Gini coefficient, Lorentz curve. У статті виявлено особливості економічної поведінки домогосподарств на основі дослідження нерівності та статистич-ного аналізування їх доходів і витрат за період 2014–2019 років. На основі методів економіко-математичної статистики проаналізовано диференціацію населення за рівнем середньодушових еквівалентних доходів за 2019 рік, розраховано коефіцієнт Джині. За допомогою графічно-варіаційного методу побудована крива концентрації Лоренца. Розрахований коефіцієнт Джині для економіки України у 2019 році складає 23,50% та означає, що наявний помірний рівень нерівності в країні. Аналізування статистики доходів та витрат домогосподарств надає інформацію про низький рівень життя насе-лення, оскільки основними джерелами формування грошових доходів домогосподарств є оплата праці, пенсії, стипендії, соціальні допомоги, а найбільш вагомою статтею витрат залишаються витрати на продукти харчування. Економічна по-ведінка домогосподарств, що випливає з поточного рівня життя населення, структури його ресурсів і витрат, визначається як пасивна та характеризується пристосуванством, конформізмом та терплячістю населення до умов їх існування, що заважає активному розвитку соціально-економічної системи та зміни економічного мислення населення. Крива Лоренца підтверджує низький рівень диференціації населення в Україні, але зважаючи на високу долю бідного населення в країні є потреба удосконалення методики збору та формування статистичної інформації. Ключові слова: нерівність доходів, економічна поведінка, рівень добробуту, коефіцієнт Джині, крива Лоренца.

scholarly journals International Comparisons of Income Inequality and Welfare in the 1980s

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Park Chanyong
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Income Decile

The main purpose of this paper is to compare the income inequality and welfare levels between countries selected on a worldwide basis in the 1980s. As analytical tools, Lorenz curves, the Gini coefficients and generalized Lorenz curves are used. Implicit in our analysis is the presumption that welfare is a function of the "size" of total income and distributional equality. This study makes it possible to observe the welfare levels of the selected countries by combining real GDP per capita with income decile. It thus contributes to increasing our understanding of household income inequality and welfare levels in the 1980s. Data for this study is from the "Households Income and Expenditure Statistics, 4th edition" (HIES), one of a series published by the International Labour Organization.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Dental Caries in 5- and 6-Year-Old Myanmar Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Nomura ◽  
Khin Maung ◽  
Eint Min Kay Khine ◽  
Khin Myo Sint ◽  
May Phyo Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Item Response ◽  
School Children ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
National Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

There are no national data available of the oral health in Myanmar. In this study, we examined dental caries status of 187 school children located in the suburban area of Naypyidaw, capital of Myanmar, at the age of five and six and analyzed by the individual level and tooth level. Maxillary D and B were sensitive for dental caries almost at the same level. They were less sensitive than maxillary A. Mandibular A and B were tolerant for dental caries. Prevalence of dental caries in Myanmar children was still high. By applying item response theory and multilevel modeling, tooth level analysis can be implemented to confirm the tendency for sensitivity or tolerance for dental caries by the tooth level.

scholarly journals Income Inequality, Social Comparison, and Happiness in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312098564
Author(s):  
Tim Futing Liao
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
The Individual

Using social comparison theory, I investigate the relation between experienced happiness and income inequality. In the analysis, I study happiness effects of the individual-level within-gender-ethnicity comparison-based Gini index conditional on a state’s overall inequality, using a linked set of the March 2013 Current Population Survey and the 2013 American Time Use Survey data while controlling major potential confounders. The findings suggest that individuals who are positioned to conduct both upward and downward comparison would feel happier in states where overall income inequality is high. In states where inequality is not high, however, such effects are not present because social comparison becomes less meaningful when one’s position is not as clearly definable. Therefore, social comparison matters where inequality persists: One’s comparison with all similar others’ in the income distribution in a social environment determines the effect of one’s income on happiness, with the comparison target being the same gender-ethnic group.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Government Transfers in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (148) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Lambert ◽  
Hyunmin Park
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Medical Expenditures ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Monetary Transfers ◽  
Small Decline ◽  
Government Transfers

We analyze microdata from Mexico's survey on household income and expenditures (ENIGH) to study the evolution of income inequality in Mexico over 2004-16, identify its sources, and investigate how it was affected by government social policy. We find evidence of only a small decline in inequality over this period. The observed decline may be attributed to government transfers, notably targeted cash transfers (Prospera) and non-contributory pensions. In 2016, those two programs accounted for more than two thirds of the reduction in the Gini coefficient due to government transfers. Other transfer programs such as farmland subsidies (Proagro), government scholarships, and non-monetary transfers for medical expenditures have not been as effective.

scholarly journals Gaps in Health and Wealth: The relationship between trends in income inequality and breastfeeding inequalities

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Nickel ◽  
Marni Brownell ◽  
Dan Chateau ◽  
Alan Katz ◽  
Elaine Burland
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Breastfeeding Rates ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to identify whether breastfeeding inequalities have increased between 1984 and 2014 and to examine whether trends in income inequality are related to breastfeeding inequalities. MethodsWe used linkable administrative data from the Population Health Research Data Repository. Our sample included all infants born in Manitoba, 1984 to 2014. We used area-level income – derived from the Canadian Census – to stratify infants into income quintiles. Canadian Census income data were also used to quantify provincial level income inequality for each fiscal year in our study period. Data from the hospital discharge abstract database were used to classify infants according to whether or not they had initiated breastfeeding. We linked infant data to maternal data using the Manitoba health insurance registry to capture maternal characteristics – including the mother’s postal code of residence and her age at first birth. We used generalized linear models to calculate income quintile-specific breastfeeding rates for each fiscal year in our observation period for all of Manitoba. We also calculated age-adjusted breastfeeding rates to account for the changing age distribution in Manitoba mothers, over time. We measured breastfeeding inequities using the concentration index as well as the rate ratio and rate difference (comparing the breastfeeding rate between the highest and lowest income quintiles). We quantified income inequality using the Gini coefficient on income. Trend analyses and two-sided Z-tests tested for changes, over time. Time by income-quintile interactions tested whether breastfeeding rates were statistically significantly different, across socioeconomic groups. ResultsBreastfeeding rates increased from 1985 to 2014, from 72% to 81% (p<0.01). The Gini coefficient increased from 0.16 to 0.21; a linear trend test of the Gini coefficient showed income inequality increased over the study period (p<0.05). Rate differences, rate ratios, and the Concentration index showed that significant breastfeeding inequalities existed throughout the study period. Trend tests revealed that breastfeeding inequalities did not increase, over time. ConclusionsAggregate analyses may suggest overall improvement when inequality persists. Although there was improvement in breastfeeding initiation rates, children from lower socioeconomic status continue to lag behind their counterparts. Policy-focused health equity research needs to measure outcomes, overall, and inequity across time.

scholarly journals Where Is the Middle Class? Evidence from 60 Million English Death and Probate Records, 1892–1992

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Neil Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Aggregate Wealth ◽  
The Individual

This article analyzes a newly constructed individual level dataset of every English death and probate from 1892–1992. This analysis shows that the twentieth century’s “Great Equalization” of wealth stalled in mid-century. The probate rate, which captures the proportion of English holding any significant wealth at death rose from 10 percent in the 1890s to 40 percent by 1950 and has stagnated to 1992. Despite the large declines in the wealth share of the top 1 percent, from 73 to 20 percent, the median English individual died with almost nothing throughout. All changes in inequality after 1950 involve a reshuffling of wealth within the top 30 percent. I translate the individual level data to synthetic households; the majority have at least one member probated. Yet the bottom 60 percent of households hold only 12 percent of all wealth, at their peak wealth-holding level, in the early 1990s. I also compare the new wealth data with existing estimates of top wealth shares, home-ownership trends, wealth survey distributions, aggregate wealth, and the wealth Gini coefficient.

scholarly journals The Impact of Income Inequality on Subjective Environmental Pollution: Individual Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8090
Author(s):  
Baoxi Li ◽  
De Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Shape Effect ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Environmental Attitude ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between income inequality and objective environmental pollution, but few focus on the nexus between income inequality and subjective environmental pollution (SEP). Using micro data from the Chinese General Society Survey (CGSS) in 2013 and official statistical data at the provincial level, this paper tests the impact of individual-level income inequality on subjective environmental pollution in China. The results show that individual-level income inequality has an inverted U-shape relationship with subjective environmental pollution, which indicates that increasing the income inequality at the individual level will first rise and then reduce their perceived subjective environmental pollution after reaching the peak. For about 84% of respondents, their subjective environmental pollution decreases with the increase of individual-level income inequality. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analyses show that the income inequality of urban residents and of the locals have an inverted U-shape effect on SEP, and the SEP of females and of individuals with positive environmental attitude are more sensitive to the effect of income inequality. Additionally, we find that subjective well-being plays a mediating role in the relation between income inequality and SEP. Individual income inequality decreases their self-reported well-being, and an increase in well-being has a negative effect on their subjectively perceived environmental quality. We also find non-television media exposures, such as newspaper, magazine, broadcasting, Internet, and mobile custom messages, will amplify the effect of individual-level income inequality on subjective environmental pollution.

Ecological studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Jayati Das-Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Over Time

Ecological studies use aggregated data to infer correlation of exposures with outcomes over time, or by place. One of the first examples of an ecological study was Emile Durkheim’s exploration of country-level factors underlying suicide, first published in 1897. Ecological studies have continued to hold an important place in psychiatry, particularly for developing hypotheses. They can also be used to assess the impact of policies on health outcomes over time. There are important limitations associated with ecological study designs, in particular the ability to make causal inferences at the individual level. Multilevel modelling approaches are an important analytic development in the field, which allow the possibility of using group-level information alongside individual-level attributes in analyses. In the first part of this chapter, some examples of ecological studies and their advantages and disadvantages will be introduced. In the second part of this chapter, multilevel modelling techniques will be briefly introduced and discussed with respect to their use in overcoming some of the limitations of geographical ecological studies.

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