scholarly journals Incidence of Fluorosis and Urinary Fluoride Concentration are not Always Positively Correlated with Drinking Water Fluoride Level

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
pp. 1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpan Dey Bhowmik ◽  
Pallab Shaw ◽  
Paritosh Mondal ◽  
Chayan Munshi ◽  
Swarnak Chatterjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Urinary Fluoride ◽  
Water Fluoride

scholarly journals Urinary Fluoride Levels among Canadians with and without Community Water Fluoridation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6203
Author(s):  
Julia K. Riddell ◽  
Ashley J. Malin ◽  
Hugh McCague ◽  
David B. Flora ◽  
Christine Till
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Urinary Fluoride ◽  
Community Water Fluoridation ◽  
Water Fluoride ◽  
Age And Sex

Drinking water is a major source of dietary fluoride intake in communities with water fluoridation. We examined the association between urinary fluoride adjusted for specific gravity (UFSG) and tap water fluoride levels, by age and sex, among individuals living in Canada. Participants included 1629 individuals aged 3 to 79 years from Cycle 3 (2012–2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. We used multiple linear regression to estimate unique associations of tap water fluoride levels, age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), use of fluoride-containing dental products, smoking in the home, and tea consumption with UFSG. UFSG concentration was significantly higher among participants who received fluoridated drinking water (mean = 1.06 mg/L, standard deviation = 0.83) than among those who did not (M = 0.58 mg/L, SD = 0.47), p < 0.01. UFSG increased over adulthood (ages 19 to 79). Higher UFSG concentration was associated with being female, tea drinking, and smoking in the home. In conclusion, community water fluoridation is a major source of contemporary fluoride exposure for Canadians. Lifestyle factors including tea consumption, as well as demographic variables such as age and sex, also predict urinary fluoride level, and are therefore important factors when interpreting population-based fluoride biomonitoring data.

scholarly journals Dental caries and its association with increasing water fluoride concentration in district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4005
Author(s):  
Nidhi Sharma ◽  
Vartika Saxena ◽  
Manisha Naithani
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Water Fluoride

Background: Evidence from scientific literature confirms both beneficial and detrimental effects of fluoride on human health with only a narrow range between intakes associated with these effects. The limits of this range have been controversial among researchers since the 1930s. Considering this, the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit of fluoride in India has been reduced from 1.5 to 1.0 mg/l in 1998. This study aimed to evaluate the association between increasing water fluoride levels and dental caries prevention on permanent teeth.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 1400 children (aged 6–19 years). Caries experience and dental fluorosis were recorded using DMFT/deft and Dean's index respectively. Also, fluoride concentration in drinking water was analyzed. Around 14.4% of children had dental caries with maximum frequency among 9-10 years of age. A significant negative correlation between caries experience and water fluoride level was found (p<0.05), with the lowest DMFT scores at the fluoride level of 0.61–2 mg/l and the highest at 0.0–0.3 mg/l. Whereas, high prevalence of dental fluorosis was observed above 0.7 mg/l.Results: The study revealed that the presence of 0.3-0.7 mg/l fluoride in drinking water reduces dental caries, without an objectionable rise in dental fluorosis.Conclusions: It can be suggested that fluoride has anticaries property but due to a ‘narrow therapeutic window’ of 0.3-0.7 mg/l, in a country like India where endemic fluorosis is prevalent, its topical application should be encouraged which is almost equally effective with less systemic adverse effects.

scholarly journals Urinary fluoride excretion in children exposed to fluoride toothpaste and to different water fluoride levels in a tropical area of Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Delano Soares Forte ◽  
Suzely Adas Saliba Moimaz ◽  
Fábio Correia Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Fluoride Toothpaste ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urinary Fluoride ◽  
The City ◽  
Water Fluoride

The aim of this study was to evaluate the urinary fluoride excretion of 2- to 7-year-old children exposed to different water fluoride concentrations in the city of Catolé do Rocha, PB, Brazil. Forty-two children were allocated to 3 groups according to the concentration of fluoride in the water: G1 (n=10; 0.5-1.0 ppm F), G2 (n=17; 1.1-1.5 ppm F) and G3 (n= 15; >1.51 ppm F). The study was carried out in two 1-week phases with 1-month interval between the moments of data collection: in the first phase, the children used a fluoride toothpaste (FT) (1,510 ppm F) for 1 week, whereas in the second phase a non-fluoride toothpaste (NFT) was used. The urine was collected in a 24-h period in each week-phase according to Marthaler's protocol. The urinary fluoride excretion data expressed as mean (SD) in µg/24 h were: G1-FT= 452.9 (290.2); G1-NFT= 435.1 (187.0); G2-FT= 451.4 (224.0); G2-NFT= 430.3 (352.5); G3-FT=592.3 (390.5); and G3-NFT=623.6 (408.7). There was no statistically significant difference between the water fluoride groups, and regardless of the week phase (ANOVA, p>0.05). The use of fluoride toothpaste (1,510 ppmF) did not promote an increase in urinary fluoride excretion. There was a trend, though not significant, as to the increase of urine fluoride concentration in relation to fluoride concentrations in the water. The excretion values suggest that some children are under risk to develop dental fluorosis and information about the appropriate use of fluoride is necessary in this area.

scholarly journals Effect of fluoride exposure on the intelligence of school children in Madhya Pradesh, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu Saxena ◽  
Anjali Sahay ◽  
Pankaj Goel
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Urinary Fluoride ◽  
Water Fluoride

ABSTRACTObjective: To assess the relationship between exposure to different drinking water fluoride levels and children’s intelligence in Madhya Pradesh state, India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 12-year-old school children of Madhya Pradesh state, India. The children were selected from low (< 1.5 parts per million) and high (≥1.5 parts per million) fluoride areas. A questionnaire was used to collect information on the children’s personal characteristics, residential history, medical history, educational level of the head of the family, and socioeconomic status of the family. Levels of lead, arsenic, and iodine in the urine and the levels of fluoride in the water and urine were analyzed. The children’s intelligence was measured using Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices. Data analysis was done using the chi-square, one way analysis of variance, simple linear regression, and multiple linear regression tests. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Differences in participant’s sociodemographic characteristics, urinary iodine, urinary lead, and urinary arsenic levels were statistically not significant (P>0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was observed in the urinary fluoride levels (P 0.000). Reduction in intelligence was observed with an increased water fluoride level (P 0.000). The urinary fluoride level was a significant predictor for intelligence (P 0.000). Conclusion: Children in endemic areas of fluorosis are at risk for impaired development of intelligence.

Salt Fluoridation and General Health

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Bergmann ◽  
R.L. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Fluoride Intake

Salt fluoridation is a systemic form of fluoride supplementation, leaving it to the consumer whether he wants fluoride supplements or not, but thereafter not requiring special dependability for daily compliance. Most German drinking water has low fluoride concentrations. The estimated fluoride intake in German children is between 100 and 300 μg/day, and in adults, between 400 and 600 μg/day. Male subjects have higher mean intakes than females. From 70 to 90% of the salt intake of 10 to 13.5 g/day in German adults comes from commercially prepared foods. This leaves about 1 to 4 g of salt to be added as table salt at the individual level and to become the source of supplementary fluoride. To increase fluoride intake by at least 500 μg/d, and to prevent an additional intake of more than 3000 μg/day, it may be necessary to have salt at a fluoride level of around 500 μg/g or to include one commercial food to be prepared with fluoridated salt, e.g., bread. A salt fluoride concentration of 250 μg/g does not present a risk of dental fluorosis. However, clear recommendations about systemic fluoride supplementation must be given as long as there are fluoride tablets, fluoride-rich mineral waters, and fluoridated table salt available simultaneously. Persons at risk for hypertension from salt consumption require different means of fluoride supplementation. By and large, in areas of low drinking water fluoride, fluoridated table salt has the potential to become a means of systemic supplementation comparable with drinking water fluoridation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Water Fluoride Concentration on DMFT Index in Vardar Population in Macedonia

2018 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Ambarkova Vesna
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Fluorine Concentration ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Dmft Index ◽  
Fluoride Electrode ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
Water Fluoride

The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the DMFT index of 12-year-old children and the concentration of fluorine in drinking water from the populated areas where children live. Material and method: In the examination, 85children were enrolled, out of 2 central and 2regional primary schools, at which the DMFT index was determined. The children live in 2 different cities and 2 different villages. Four water samples were taken from the examined area to determine the fluorine concentration by using the electrochemical method using the pH/ISE Meter-Thermo-Orion with a special F-electrode (Thermo Orion Ion Plus Fluoride Electrode) at the Institute for public health. Spearmans method was used to determine the correlation between the specified variables. Results: The total number of children in the examined sample was 85, out of which45 were male and 40 were female. The average DMFT index in this group of children was 2.75 with a standard deviation of ±2.56. Maximum concentration of fluorine in drinking water of 0.39ppmF was determined in the village Vinicani, while the minimum (0.17ppmF) in the city Veles and (0.20 ppmF) in the village Melnica. Correlation of the DMFT index in children from the Vardar region and the concentration of fluorine in the drinking water has a negative, indirect correlation, with the value of the coefficient r=-0.393. Conclusion: The correlation between the DMFT index and the concentration of drinking water is a negative, indirect and correlation is highly significant

scholarly journals Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11490
Author(s):  
Paulina Farías ◽  
Jesús Alejandro Estevez-García ◽  
Erika Noelia Onofre-Pardo ◽  
María Luisa Pérez-Humara ◽  
Elodia Rojas-Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
Urinary Fluoride ◽  
Water Fluoride

Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization’s guideline (1.5 mg/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride was measured in mutual drinking water sources and in the urine of 39 children and women. Risks were estimated through hazard quotient (HQ) by drinking water source. Dental fluorosis was assessed in the children. Mean fluoride water concentrations (mg/L) were: well, 4.2; waterhole, 2.7; bottled, 2.1; rainwater, 0.4. The mean urinary fluoride concentrations (specific gravity adjusted) were 2.1 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L in children and women, respectively. Our multiple linear regression model showed children’s urinary fluoride concentrations increased 0.96 mg/L for every 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride (p < 0.001). Dental fluorosis was diagnosed in 82% of the children, and their HQ according to drinking water source was: well, 1.5; waterhole, 1.1; bottled, 0.8; harvested rainwater, 0.3. The pervasive dental fluorosis indicates a toxic past fluoride exposure; urinary fluoride levels and HQs indicate high exposure and current health risks for most children. Drinking harvested rainwater will likely prevent most of the local fluoride exposure.

scholarly journals Fluoride Concentration in Ground Water and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift Valley: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtamu Demelash Enyew ◽  
Abebe Hailu Beyene ◽  
Zewdu Abebe ◽  
Addisu Dagnaw Melese
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: The concentration of fluoride in ground drinking water greater than the world health organization standard value imposes a serious health, social and economic problem in developing countries. In the Ethiopian Rift Valley where deep wells are the major source of drinking water, high fluoride level is expected. Though many epidemiological studies on fluoride concentration and its adverse effects have been conducted in the region, the result is highly scattered and needs systematically summarized for better utilization. Objective: This research is aimed at estimating the pooled level of fluoride concentration in ground drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis among Ethiopian rift valley residences. Methods: Cochrane library, MEDLINE/PubMed and Google scholar databases were searched for studies reporting the mean concentration of fluoride in ground water and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift valley. Search terms were identified by extracting key terms from reviews and selected relevant papers and review medical subject headings for relevant terms. Results: The mean fluoride level in ground water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis were pooled from eleven and nine primary studies conducted in Ethiopian Rift Valley respectively. The pooled mean level of fluoride in ground water therefore was 6.03 mg/l (95% CI; 4.72–7.72, p < 0.001) and the pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis among residents in Ethiopian rift valley was 32% (95% CI: 25, 39%, p<0.001), 29% (95% CI: 22, 36%, p<0.001) and 24% (95% CI: 17, 32%, p<0.001 for mild, moderate and sever dental fluorosis respectively. The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis is 28% (95% CI: 24, 32%, p<0.001). Conclusions: Though, the concentration level varies across different part of the rift valley region, still the level of fluoride in ground drinking water is greater than the WHO standard value (1.5mg/l). Relatively high-level pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis was also seen in Ethiopian rift valley. Therefore, further studies covering the temperature, exposure time and other intake path ways with large sample size is recommended. Interventional projects should be implemented to decrease the concentration of fluoride in the ground drinking water source. Key words: Dental fluorosis, Fluoride, Concentration, Rift Valley, Ethiopia

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