Health care financing in the European Union countries versus the gross domestic product

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Emerling
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Health Care Financing ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Countries

scholarly journals Studying the Level of Sustainable Energy Development of the European Union Countries and Their Similarity Based on the Economic and Demographic Potential

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6643
Author(s):  
Magdalena Tutak ◽  
Jarosław Brodny ◽  
Dominika Siwiec ◽  
Robert Ulewicz ◽  
Peter Bindzár
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
Demographic Potential

The concept of sustainable economic development takes into account economic, social and environmental aspects and strives to achieve balance between them. One of the basic areas where it is required to revalue the current views on sustainable development is energy. The growing public awareness of environmental protection forces changes in this industry. Despite the global nature of this problem, its solution is perceived differently in various regions of the world. The unquestionable leader in introducing the idea of sustainable development economy is the European Union, where the energy sector is of key importance for the effectiveness of this process. In order to assess the sustainable energy development of the European Union countries, studies were conducted based on 13 selected indicators characterizing this sector in terms of energy, economy and environment. In order to assess the specificity of the European Union countries, these indicators were additionally compared to the gross domestic product value and the number of inhabitants of individual countries. For these cases, multi-criteria analyses were carried out using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. It allowed the authors to rank the European Union countries in terms of their adaptation to a sustainable energy economy. Based on the determined values of indicators versus the gross domestic product and the number of inhabitants of the countries in question, these countries were also divided into similar groups with the use of the Kohonen artificial neural networks. These groups can pursue a common energy policy in the field of sustainable development. The aim of the research was to present a new approach to the assessment of sustainable energy development of the European Union countries. The extensive ratio analysis (13 indicators of the sustainable energy development), including the economic and demographic potential of individual countries, and the use of modern tools made it possible to acquire new knowledge in the field of sustainable energy development in the European Union countries. The results should be utilized for more effective sustainable energy development of the European Union countries.

scholarly journals STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ON THE BASIS OF SELECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Ľubica Hurbánková ◽  
Dominika Krasňanská
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Aggregation Method ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the paper is to compare the European Union countries on the basis of selected socio-economic and demographic indicators for the year 2016. The following indicators are selected for analysis: gross domestic product per capita, government gross debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, inflation rate, unemployment rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate and crude divorce rate. The contribution of the paper is a division of the countries of the European Union into several groups using cluster analysis so that the countries belonging to the same cluster are as similar as possible and the countries belonging to different clusters are the least similar, or rather the most different. The cluster analysis consists of several steps: a selection of the type of clustering process (hierarchical and non-hierarchical, the hierarchical can be agglomerated or divisive), a selection of the aggregation method (the nearest neighbour method, the furthest neighbour method, the average distance method, the centroid method, the median method, the Ward method, the typical points method, the k-means method, a method of optimum centers or medoids and fuzzy clustering, all of which can be used as the aggregation method), a selection of similarity rate (such as the Euclidean distance, the Hamming distance, the Minkow distance, the Mahalabonis distance), a specification of the number of significant clusters (based on the standard deviation of variables creating one cluster, the determination coefficient, the semi partial coefficient of determination, the distances of clusters, the cubic clustering criterion), a cluster interpretation (the description of each cluster based on the observed characteristics). The application of individual statistical methods is implemented through the statistical programme SAS Enterprise.

scholarly journals STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES USING THE METHOD OF STANDARD VARIABLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Krasňanská ◽  
Ľubica Hurbánková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Integral Indicator

The aim of this paper is to compare the European Union countries on the basis of selected socio-economic and demographic indicators for the year 2016. The following indicators are selected for analysis: gross domestic product per capita, government gross debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, inflation rate, unemployment rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate and crude divorce rate. The contributions of the paper are to order the countries on the basis of the above-mentioned indicators, from the best country to the worst country using one of the multidimensional comparison methods – the method of standard variable. The aim of this method is to replace a number of selected indicators with one final characteristic – an integral indicator. Since the used indicators do not have the same weights, calculations are used on data weighted by weights I (calculated using the coefficient of variation) and weights II (calculated on the basis of the correlation matrix). When evaluating the EU countries on the basis of the selected indicators using the method of standard variable; Luxembourg, Ireland, Denmark and France ranked first. Among the worst countries we include Greece, Hungary, Spain and Portugal.

scholarly journals HEALTH CARE FINANCING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES – STRUCTURE AND CHANGES

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Michał Wielechowski ◽  
Łukasz Grzęda
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
European Union ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Financing ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the paper was to present health care systems and assess the recent trend in health care expenditure in the European Union countries. The data source was the World Bank and European Statistical Office (Eurostat). The adopted research period covered the years 2000–2016, due to data availability. The methodology of the study was based on an analysis of data indicator series related to health care expenditure, which evaluate the national health care system performance. The research results were presented using primarily Japanese candlestick charting. The study showed that health care expenditure represented an ever-increasing burden for all the EU economies, both in absolute values and in relation to GDP. However, substantial differentiations in the amount and structure of health care expenditure were observed at the country level, having roots in the level of a country’s economic development and diverse post-war economic and political evolution. The analysis of health care expenditure structure confirmed that all three types of health care systems (Beveridge, Bismarck and mixed one) were observed in the EU, but the last one had a marginal importance. The form of system did not determine its effectiveness. On average, more than three-fourths of health care expenses were financed by general government expenditure. Out-of-pocket spending varied widely among the analysed EU member states.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON GDP GROWTH IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Miloš Pjanić ◽  
◽  
Mirela Mitrašević ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Positive Direct

Tourism represents one of the most important economic activities for the global economy. Over the last several decades, the tourism industry has been achieving substantial growth and development in the global market, as well as a positive direct and indirect impact on other economic activities. The paper aims to examine the connection between five tourism indicators and the growth of gross domestic product on the example of EU countries in the period from 2001 to 2019. The research included a total of six variables; the gross domestic product being the dependent variable, while the selected five tourism indicators were independent variables. The main aim of the paper is to determine which of the researched tourism indicators have a statistically significant impact on GDP growth. The empirical analysis is based on IBM SPSS linear mixed procedures. The main findings are that business tourism spending (BTS) and domestic tourism spending (DTS) can predict in a statistically significant and positive way the growth of the gross domestic product in European Union countries.

EVALUATION OF EXPORT DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES FROM TURKEY TO LITHUANIA

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnė JOTAUTAITĖ ◽  
Eglė JOTAUTIENĖ
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Database Analysis ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Textile Products

In this paper, export opportunities of textile products from Turkey to Lithuania are analyzed. The main goal of this article is to present an analysis of the opportunities to import textile products from Turkey to Lithuania. The empirical research basing on the statistical database analysis was used. The analysis of Turkey’s markets was showed that the economy is strongly dependent on exports of various products from Turkey and it is about one forth of Turkey’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The bulk of exports from Turkey is t o countries in the European Union. Turkey is one of the world’s largest manufacturers and exporters of textiles. The analysis of Lithuanian markets was indicated that Lithuania has a feasible market for imports due to its fast growing GDP, increasing labor wages and modernization of agriculture industry. Furthermore, advantageous and adequate policies of Lithuania’s foreign trade should encourage the development of imports to this country. The demand for textile products in Lithuania is growing rapidly and it is one of the most important sectors in fostering its economy

scholarly journals The Market’s Maturity for Public Procurement of Circular Furniture: A Study from Latvia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
Jana Simanovska ◽  
Inese Pelsa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
Survey Results

Public procurement plays an important role in the market by making up 14% of the Gross Domestic Product in the European Union, therefore it is seen as an important instrument to promote such products and services that better meet society’s demands, for example, sustainability. Starting from 2015, circularity is an important aspect of sustainability. Furniture is among the product groups with a significant impact on the material footprint, therefore approaches to increase material efficiency and circularity are of high value. With this research, the authors investigate the market’s maturity, i.e. the readiness of suppliers to offer circular furniture and services, as well as the readiness of municipalities to uptake it. 20 companies and 27 municipalities took part in the survey. Results show that the surveyed companies currently are more ready to offer more circular products and services than municipalities require in the procurement tenders. Most surveyed municipalities are maintaining and repairing the furniture by themselves that is a circular approach but without outsourcing. The market consultation before the tendering could help to understand the market abilities better and lead to more circular purchasing contracts. This is an important task considering the importance of public procurement in promoting a circular economy.

scholarly journals Are Business Regulations Improving Economic Growth? Case Study between ASEAN and European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Karuniana Dianta Arfiando Sebayang ◽  
Belinda Febrina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business ◽  
Business Regulations ◽  
The Impact

Economic activities require a transparent regulatory and policy environment that is accessible to all levels of society. This study aims to explain the impact of ease of doing business on economic growth in both ASEAN and the European Union since doing business indicators applied globally. Gross Domestic Product is used as a proxy variable for economic growth as Gross Domestic Product is an indicator to measure economic growth. This study uses a descriptive quantitative research model and uses multiple regressions to determine the effect of ease of doing business on economic growth in ASEAN and the European Union by comparing the result of each ASEAN and European Union. In this study it was found that in ASEAN, there are four indicators of doing business have significant impact to economic growth, while in the European Union five indicators have significant impact to economic growth.  

scholarly journals Fiscal, Investment and Export Multipliers and the COVID-19 Pandemic Slowdowns Uncertainty Factor in the First Half of 2020

Risks ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz J. Derkacz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Uncertainty Factor ◽  
The World ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Fiscal Investment

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant slowdown in the development of almost all economies in the world. In this context, the main goal of this research is to try to present changes in the value of fiscal, investment and export multipliers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted in selected European Union countries. They are France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. This research is based on the theory of effective demand. The values of feeds and leakages of total demand in the period from 2015 to 2020 were examined and calculated. On this basis, the individual multipliers of autonomous spending were analyzed and their changes in the first period of the COVID-19 pandemic were presented. The analyses led to a surprising conclusion: it found that the autonomous spending multipliers in some economies increased. This means that they have become ‘security buffers’ for the health of economies. This means that the increase in their value weakened the negative effects of changes in autonomous expenditure on gross domestic product.

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