scholarly journals THE EXPERIENCE OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION AND CHEMICAL HEALTH RISKS DUE TO EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1425-1431
Author(s):  
S. M. Novikov ◽  
Tatiana A. Shashina ◽  
N. S. Dodina ◽  
V. A. Kislitsyn ◽  
S. A. Skovronskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The world practice of solving environmental problems has shown the effectiveness of modern environmental quality management schemes based on the analysis and risk management. Material and Methods. The use of risk assessment and analysis methodology allows obtaining quantitative characteristics of the possible damage, to compare the potential effects of radiation and chemical factors and to determine priority sources of danger. The main directions of the practical use of results of assessment of the risk arising from the impact of chemicals polluting the environment are: ranking of residential areas according to the levels of health risks from the studied factors, planning and evaluation of the results of social and hygienic monitoring (SHM), including the correction of planning and implementation, taking into account the priority sources of environmental pollution, the priority adjustment of sources of risks posING the greatest threat to public health. Results. Approaches to the research on the comparative assessment of carcinogenic risk and damage to public health from ionizing radiation and chemical carcinogens in various environmental objects have been developed. The results of studies in the locations of nuclear facilities in the Sverdlovsk region, the Kola Peninsula, the Voronezh region, the Krasnoyarsk territory, and the Leningrad region indicate to a much greater impact of the chemical risk factor on the population health compared to the radiation one. The primary environment of health risks in multimedia risk assessment is the air, what should be considered when developing regional environmental policies. Conclusion. The conducted studies have shown Contribution of nuclear power facilities to the formation of man-made risk to public health to be negligible and by orders of magnitude smaller than Contribution of risk from facilities emitting harmful chemicals. Atmospheric air is the main environment for the formation of health risks in the multimedia exposure to chemicals. Therefore, measures aimed at improving the quality of air should be regarded as a priority for the implementation of measures to preserve public health. The obtained results allow detecting the priorities of the policy in the field of health protection and sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population and contribute to the development of a strategy for further environmentally acceptable socio-economic development of the studied regions.

FDA-iRISK—A Comparative Risk Assessment System for Evaluating and Ranking Food-Hazard Pairs: Case Studies on Microbial Hazards

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUHUAN CHEN ◽  
SHERRI B. DENNIS ◽  
EMMA HARTNETT ◽  
GREG PAOLI ◽  
RÉGIS POUILLOT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Impact

Stakeholders in the system of food safety, in particular federal agencies, need evidence-based, transparent, and rigorous approaches to estimate and compare the risk of foodborne illness from microbial and chemical hazards and the public health impact of interventions. FDA-iRISK (referred to here as iRISK), a Web-based quantitative risk assessment system, was developed to meet this need. The modeling tool enables users to assess, compare, and rank the risks posed by multiple food-hazard pairs at all stages of the food supply system, from primary production, through manufacturing and processing, to retail distribution and, ultimately, to the consumer. Using standard data entry templates, built-in mathematical functions, and Monte Carlo simulation techniques, iRISK integrates data and assumptions from seven components: the food, the hazard, the population of consumers, process models describing the introduction and fate of the hazard up to the point of consumption, consumption patterns, dose-response curves, and health effects. Beyond risk ranking, iRISK enables users to estimate and compare the impact of interventions and control measures on public health risk. iRISK provides estimates of the impact of proposed interventions in various ways, including changes in the mean risk of illness and burden of disease metrics, such as losses in disability-adjusted life years. Case studies for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were developed to demonstrate the application of iRISK for the estimation of risks and the impact of interventions for microbial hazards. iRISK was made available to the public at http://irisk.foodrisk.org in October 2012.

scholarly journals Developing a Public Health Risk Assessment Toolkit for Mass Gatherings and Trialling for an International Multi-Sport Mass Gathering Event

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (s1) ◽  
pp. s116-s116
Author(s):  
Ellen Bloomer ◽  
Tina Endericks
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Mass Gatherings

Introduction:Risk assessment for mass gatherings (MGs) is undertaken to enable public health authorities to systematically identify and assess the generic characteristics of an MG, which introduce or enhance particular threats and develop measures to reduce or mitigate these threats. The World Health Organization Collaborating Centres on Mass Gatherings and Global Health Security (WHO CCs) produced a comprehensive guide to MGs called “Public Health for Mass Gatherings: Key Considerations” (KC2). This is being converted into an eLearning resource. A public health risk assessment toolkit is being developed by the WHO CCs to complement and guide organizers in their planning process for the health risks associated with an MG event. Preparations for the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games (BCG) are underway and it is important to involve a public health element in the planning for the BCG.Aim:To develop a public health risk assessment toolkit for MGs and pilot it as part of the planning process for the BCG.Methods:Based on KC2 principles, methods included developing and finalizing a public health risk assessment toolkit for MGs. This study also piloted the toolkit for the BCG.Results:A toolkit will be developed. Key learning will be documented on how the toolkit can be improved. The pilot will identify the key public health risks for the BCG, and assess how to mitigate them.Discussion:The development of this toolkit will be an innovative contribution to the resources available for those organizing MGs. It will support organizers to conduct risk assessments and thus maximize the potential for health from the event. Piloting the toolkit for the BCG is an opportunity for validating it, and provides valuable learning for its use in future events. It will support the risk assessment process for the BCG and share learning regarding the key risks for this event.

scholarly journals Public Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3982
Author(s):  
Paul J Molino ◽  
Richard Bentham ◽  
Michael J Higgins ◽  
Jason Hinds ◽  
Harriet Whiley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Public Health Risks ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
The Impact

Recently in Australia concerns have been raised regarding the contamination of municipal drinking water supplies with lead. This is of particular concern to children due to the impact of lead exposure on cognitive development and as such these findings have received much media attention. The response from legislators has been swift, and The Victorian School Building Authority has announced that all new schools and school upgrade works will only use lead-free tapware and piping systems. However, while the immediate replacement of lead-containing brass fittings may seem a logical and obvious response, it does not consider the potential implications on microbial contamination. This is particularly concerning given the increasing public health threat posed by opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs). This commentary explores this public health risk of lead exposure from plumbing materials compared to the potential public health risks from OPPPs. Non-tuberculous mycobacterium was chosen as the example OPPP, and the influence on plumbing material and its public health burden in Australia is explored. This commentary highlights the need for future research into the influence of plumbing material on OPPPs prior to any changes in legislation regarding plumbing material.

Methodology to Evaluate Nuclear Power Plant Vulnerability to Events in the Transmission Grid

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Del Rosso ◽  
Jean-François Roy ◽  
Frank Rahn ◽  
Alejandro Capara
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Transmission Grid ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Nuclear Plants ◽  
Western Electricity Coordinating Council ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

This paper presents a general approach to evaluate the risk of trip or Loss of Off-site Power (LOOP) events in nuclear power plants due to contingencies in the power grid. The proposed methodology is based on the Zone of Vulnerability concept for nuclear plants introduced by EPRI in previous work. The proposed methodology is intended to be part of an integrated probabilistic risk assessment tool that is being developed under ongoing EPRI R&D programs. A detailed analysis of many events occurred in actual nuclear plants has been performed in order to identify, classify and characterize the various vulnerability and type of failures that may affect a nuclear plant. Based the outcome of that analysis, a methodology for evaluating the impact of off-site transmission system events on nuclear plants has been outlined. It includes description of the type of contingencies and conditions that need to be included in the analysis, as well as provisions regarding the simulation tools and models that should be used in each case. The methodology is illustrated in a simplified representation of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system in the U.S.

scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of air pollution by heat power plant emissions on the health of the population of Novokuznetsk

2019 ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
R. A. Golikov ◽  
V. V. Kislitsyna ◽  
D. V. Surzhikov ◽  
A. M. Oleshchenko ◽  
M. A. Mukasheva
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Introduction. Th e study of the infl uence of air pollution on the health of the population of industrial cities is an urgent task of preventive medicine.The purpose of the study— assessment of risk for population health of the city of Novokuznetsk, associated with the receipt in atmospheric air of polluting substances from SC «Kuznetsk TPP».Materials and methods.The paper presents the results of risk assessment for the health of the population of Novokuznetsk from the impact of atmospheric emissions of coal thermal power plant. Risks were calculated in accordance with the «Guidelines for the assessment of public health risks from exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment».Results.It was found that sulfur dioxide, coal ash, nitrogen dioxide had the largest share in the index of non-carcinogenic hazard of emissions. Th e maximum hazard index of carcinogenic substances was detected in hexavalent chromium. Th e greatest risk of immediate action, manifested in the development of refl ex reactions, was detected at two points of exposure to concentrations; it was determined by the infl uence of coal ash. In the formation of the risk of chronic intoxication, coal ash, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide had the greatest impact; the greatest risk was detected at three points. Th e hazard coeffi  cients of the concentrations ranged from 2.04×10–4 to 6.723. The maximum index of danger equal to 29.31, corresponded to the residential district of Lenin square. Th e highest levels of carcinogenic risk identifi ed at three points were determined by exposure to hexavalent chromium.Conclusion.Th e work identifi ed environmentally disadvantaged neighborhoods of the city. It is shown that the main contribution to the formation of non-carcinogenic risk of health disorders of the city’s population is made by nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, coal ash, sulfur dioxide. Th e main carcinogen is hexavalent chromium. Th e total values of risks expressed in the multiplicities of excess of acceptable risk, for most points exceed 1, indicating a signifi cant impact of emissions on the health of the population. A set of atmospheric protection measures aimed at reducing risks to public health is recommended. 

scholarly journals Hygienic assessment of public health risks caused by food contamination with organochlorine pesticides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
DO Gorbachev ◽  
OV Sazonova ◽  
MYu Gavryushin ◽  
LM Borodina
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

Human economic activity leads to the accumulation of anthropogenic contaminants in food. The aim of the study was to analyze the public health risk associated with the oral intake of organochlorine pesticides (HCH, DDT), which are widely used in agriculture. The risk assessment was carried out taking into account data on the actual nutrition of 1798 people (823 men and 975 women) aged 18 to 65 years using the Nutri-prof software package. To assess the contamination of food with organochlorine pesticides, 16510 samples of various food groups were analyzed. The greatest non-carcinogenic risk due to the intake of HCH into the body with food is due to the consumption of bread and bread products, vegetables and melons, potatoes, milk and dairy products; meat and meat products, milk and dairy products. The highest level of total individual carcinogenic risk for DDT and HCH, taking into account the median concentration, corresponds to the third range and is acceptable for professional groups. The excess of the background risk values for the endocrine system in the consumption of bread and bakery products occurs at the age of 45, the transition from a negligible level of risk to a level of moderate risk occurs at the age of 65. The results obtained indicate the effectiveness of the system of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance over food safety, the methodological approach to risk assessment under consideration allows making timely management decisions, taking into account the nature of work and nutritional characteristics.

scholarly journals Development of Efficient External Multi-Hazard Risk Quantification Methodology for Nuclear Facilities

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinyoung Kwag ◽  
Jeong Gon Ha ◽  
Min Kyu Kim ◽  
Jung Han Kim
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Algebraic Approach ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Fukushima Accident ◽  
Current Sampling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Energy Plants

Probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of nuclear facilities on external multi-hazards has become a major issue after the Fukushima accident in 2011. However, the existing external hazard PSA methodology is for single hazard events and cannot cover the impact of multi-hazards. Therefore, this study proposes a methodology for quantifying multi-hazard risks for nuclear energy plants. Specifically, we developed an efficient multi-hazard PSA methodology based on the probability distribution-based Boolean algebraic approach and sampling-based method, which are currently single-hazard PSA methodologies. The limitations of the probability distribution-based Boolean algebraic approach not being able to handle partial dependencies between the components are solved through this sampling-based method. In addition, we devised an algorithm that was more efficient than the existing algorithm for improving the limits of the current sampling-based method, as it required a significant computational time. The proposed methodology was applied from simple examples to single- and multi-hazard PSA examples of actual nuclear power plants. The results showed that the proposed methodology was verified in terms of accuracy and efficiency perspectives. Regarding the sampling-based method, it was confirmed that the proposed algorithm yielded fragility and risk results that have similar degrees of accuracy, even though it extracted a smaller number of samples than the existing algorithm.

scholarly journals An integrated risk index accounting for epistemic uncertainty in probability risk assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1748006X2096895
Author(s):  
Zhiguo Zeng ◽  
Tasneem Bani-Mustafa ◽  
Roger Flage ◽  
Enrico Zio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Maturity Model ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Integrated Risk ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we present an integrated framework for quantifying epistemic uncertainty in probabilistic risk assessment. Three types of epistemic uncertainty, that is, completeness, structural and parametric uncertainties, are considered. A maturity model is developed to evaluate the management of these epistemic uncertainties in the model building process. The impact of epistemic uncertainty on the result of the risk assessment is, then, estimated based on the developed maturity model. Then, an integrated risk index is defined to reflect the epistemic uncertainty in the risk assessment results. An indifference method is developed to evaluate the index based on the maturity of epistemic uncertainty management. A case study concerning a nuclear power plant is shown to demonstrate the applicability of the overall modelling framework.

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