REDUCTIONS IN SHOCK FREQUENCY AND RESPONSE EFFORT AS FACTORS IN REINFORCEMENT BY TIMEOUT FROM AVOIDANCE

AbstractDue to the convenience of access-on-demand to information and business solutions, mobile apps have become an important asset in the digital world. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, app developers have joined the response effort in various ways by releasing apps that target different user bases (e.g., all citizens or journalists), offer different services (e.g., location tracking or diagnostic-aid), provide generic or specialized information, etc. While many apps have raised some concerns by spreading misinformation or even malware, the literature does not yet provide a clear landscape of the different apps that were developed. In this study, we focus on the Android ecosystem and investigate Covid-related Android apps. In a best-effort scenario, we attempt to systematically identify all relevant apps and study their characteristics with the objective to provide a first taxonomy of Covid-related apps, broadening the relevance beyond the implementation of contact tracing. Overall, our study yields a number of empirical insights that contribute to enlarge the knowledge on Covid-related apps: (1) Developer communities contributed rapidly to the COVID-19, with dedicated apps released as early as January 2020; (2) Covid-related apps deliver digital tools to users (e.g., health diaries), serve to broadcast information to users (e.g., spread statistics), and collect data from users (e.g., for tracing); (3) Covid-related apps are less complex than standard apps; (4) they generally do not seem to leak sensitive data; (5) in the majority of cases, Covid-related apps are released by entities with past experience on the market, mostly official government entities or public health organizations.

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Resilient Aging: Psychological Well-Being and Social Well-Being as Targets for the Promotion of Healthy Aging

Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine ◽

10.1177/23337214211002951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 233372142110029

Author(s):

Eric S. Kim ◽

Rifky Tkatch ◽

David Martin ◽

Stephanie MacLeod ◽

Lewis Sandy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Aging ◽

Population Aging ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Treatment Programs ◽

Response Effort ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Social Trends ◽

Functional Quality ◽

Prevention And Treatment

Population aging is one of the most important social trends of the 21st century and in the United States, the number of people aged ≥65 is projected to increase by nearly 50% in the next 15 years. Most biomedical and public health efforts have focused on reducing harmful risk factors when targeting chronic disease—an approach that has contributed greatly to prevention and treatment programs. However, evidence suggests that the number of years lost to disability is increasing and historic gains we have made in life expectancy are eroding, and even reversing in some groups. As our society ages and grapples with these issues, expanding the focus to include resilience, as well as psychosocial assets in our prevention and treatment programs might help inform the multidisciplinary response effort we need. Here we synthesize research evaluating associations between different dimensions of psychological well-being (e.g., purpose in life, optimism, life satisfaction) and social well-being (e.g., structural, functional, quality) with chronic conditions. We also evaluate evidence around three biopsychosocial pathways hypothesized to underlie these associations. These factors are meaningful, measurable, and potentially modifiable; thus, further pursuing this line of inquiry might unveil innovative paths to enhancing the health of our rapidly aging society.

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Effects of response effort on self-control in rats

Animal Learning & Behavior ◽

10.3758/bf03199233 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 408-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

John J. Chelonis ◽

A. W. LOGUE ◽

Rebecca Sheehy ◽

Jianbin Mao

Keyword(s):

Self Control ◽

Response Effort

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Effect of Response Effort on Secondary Reward Value

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.323 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 323-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Harvard L. Armus

Keyword(s):

Horizontal Plane ◽

Response Effort ◽

Laboratory Rats ◽

Y Maze ◽

Reward Value ◽

Cultural Conditioning ◽

The Way

This study tested whether a distinctive secondary rewarding stimulus (a black or a white goal box) of a Y-maze associated with a difficult response (running “uphill”) would be preferred to the box associated with an easy response (running on a horizontal plane). If so, it would indicate that secondary reward value was positively related to response difficulty in organisms having little in the way of cultural conditioning, namely, laboratory rats. The data, however, showed no such preference.

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Effect of Response Effort Requirement on Percentage of Short Interresponse Times under Delayed and Immediate Reinforcement

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.943 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 943-946 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Harvard L. Armus ◽

Denise C. Mikesell

Keyword(s):

Food Reinforcement ◽

Response Effort ◽

Interresponse Times ◽

Operant Task ◽

Response Feedback

Higher levels of required response effort on an operant task resulted in a greater percentage of short (less than 1 sec.) interresponse times for rats receiving a 2-sec. delay of food reinforcement. These results and those of previous studies were discussed in terms of a possible explanation based on salience of response feedback stimuli.

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Stimulated electromagnetic shock radiation (SESR) in frequency-dispersive media

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/p77-190 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 55 (17) ◽

pp. 1499-1509 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Schneider ◽

R. Spitzer

Keyword(s):

Resonance Frequency ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Stimulated Emission ◽

Dispersive Media ◽

Electron Trajectory ◽

Frequency Change ◽

Electromagnetic Shock ◽

Frequency Changes ◽

Shock Frequency ◽

Shock Fronts

The interaction in a frequency-dispersive medium of a coherent electromagnetic wave with an electron moving faster than a critical (Mach) speed produces electromagnetic radiation with novel characteristics. Theory predicts emission of intense radiation in the form of shock fronts at specific angles from the electron trajectory. The shock fronts are correlated with specific frequencies shifted significantly from that of the incident wave. We have named this effect stimulated electromagnetic shock radiation (SESR). The shock frequencies depend dynamically on the populations of the energy levels that give rise to the medium resonances. A given shock frequency changes from below to above the resonance frequency of the medium with which it is associated as the populations of the two energy levels corresponding to this resonance frequency change from an equilibrium distribution to an inverted one. This dynamic resonance crossing points to the possibility of new synergisms between SESR emission and stimulated emission between discrete levels.

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The CURE scale: a multidimensional measure of service recovery strategy

Journal of Services Marketing ◽

10.1108/jsm-09-2012-0166 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 300-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Rania Mostafa ◽

Cristiana R. Lages ◽

Maria Sääksjärvi

Keyword(s):

Service Failure ◽

Service Recovery ◽

Telecommunications Industry ◽

Comprehensive Assessment ◽

Response Effort ◽

Recovery Strategy ◽

Content Type ◽

Path Modelling ◽

Individual Strategies ◽

Formative Index

Purpose – This paper aims to address the gaps in service recovery strategy assessment. An effective service recovery strategy that prevents customer defection after a service failure is a powerful managerial instrument. The literature to date does not present a comprehensive assessment of service recovery strategy. It also lacks a clear picture of the service recovery actions at managers’ disposal in case of failure and the effectiveness of individual strategies on customer outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Based on service recovery theory, this paper proposes a formative index of service recovery strategy and empirically validates this measure using partial least-squares path modelling with survey data from 437 complainants in the telecommunications industry in Egypt. Findings – The CURE scale (CUstomer REcovery scale) presents evidence of reliability as well as convergent, discriminant and nomological validity. Findings also reveal that problem-solving, speed of response, effort, facilitation and apology are the actions that have an impact on the customer’s satisfaction with service recovery. Practical implications – This new formative index is of potential value in investigating links between strategy and customer evaluations of service by helping managers identify which actions contribute most to changes in the overall service recovery strategy as well as satisfaction with service recovery. Ultimately, the CURE scale facilitates the long-term planning of effective complaint management. Originality/value – This is the first study in the service marketing literature to propose a comprehensive assessment of service recovery strategy and clearly identify the service recovery actions that contribute most to changes in the overall service recovery strategy.

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