scholarly journals Testing The Mean For Business Data: Should One Use The Z-Test, T-Test, F-Test, The Chi-Square Test, Or The P-Value Method?

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajuan Liang ◽  
William S. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Categorical Data ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
F Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
P Values ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Populations

In testing the mean of a population or comparing the means from two populations. There are several statistics available: the t-test, z-test, F-test and the chi-square test. Both the t-test and the z-test are usually used for continuous populations, and the chi-square test is used for categorical data. The F-test is used for comparing more than two means. In this paper we will discuss: 1) the conditions on using these tests; 2) the relationship among these test; and 3) illustration of the p-values of these tests by graphs. Some concluding remarks will be provided.

scholarly journals PREEKLAMSIA DAN BAYI BERAT LAHIR RENDAH (BBLR) DI RSU ANUTAPURA PALU

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisnawati Lisnawati ◽  
Nindy Nadyar Humairah ◽  
Arie Maineny
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Preeclampsia is defined as the development of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of pregnancy. This research aims to determine the relationship between preeclampsia and LBW in Anutapura Hospital Palu. This research is a case-control research. The population was 186 infants and 93 infants LBW as samples, matching at 37, 38, 39, and 40 weeks gestation. The results showed that preeclampsia mothers gave birth to 16 LBW babies (64%) and 9 non LBW babies (36%). While non preeclampsia mothers gave birth to  77 LBW babies (47.8%) and 84 non LBW babies (52.2%). The mean BBL in preeclampsia mothers was 2232,00gr, whereas for non preeclampsia mothers was 2363,04gr. Based on the results of the chi-square test p-value = 0.197 (0.197> 0.05). As conclusion, despite the prevalence of high LBW in preeclampsia mothers, there is no significant effect between preeclampsia and LBW babies. It is recommended that further analysis of other maternal factors be carried out for the incidence of LBW in Anutapura Hospital Palu.Keywords: Preeclampsia and Low Birth Weight

Association between tumor mutational burden (TMB) and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients (pts) with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) during checkpoint immunotherapy.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 489-489
Author(s):  
Elie W. Akl ◽  
Pier Vitale Nuzzo ◽  
Elio Adib ◽  
Amin Nassar ◽  
Sarah Abou Alaiwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
P Values ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Radiological Data ◽  
Tumor Mutational Burden ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
The Relationship

489 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has greatly improved clinical outcomes for pts with mUC and other cancers. ICI is associated with a class of AEs, deemed irAEs due to immune activation. Nonetheless, biomarkers associated with irAE are still lacking. We hypothesized that the immune response against neoantigens is partly responsible for irAEs and investigated the association between irAEs, TMB and response to ICI. Methods: We identified patients with mUC at Dana Farber Cancer Institute who were treated with ICI (monotherapy or combination) and had available tumor sequencing data through Oncopanel. TMB was calculated using the number of non-synonymous exonic mutations per megabase. The severity of irAEs was graded using CTCAE v.5.0. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to identify association between TMB, incidence and grade of irAEs. A cut-off of 10/mb was assigned for TMB. Fisher’s exact test was used to evaluate the radiologic response between pts with and without irAEs and low vs. high TMB. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the relationship between TMB, irAEs and response. p-values were adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg method. Results: Of 101 pts with mUC who met the inclusion criteria, 32 (32%) reported irAEs. 6 (6%) were grade (G)1, 20 (20%) were G2, and 6 (6%) were G3. Median(m) time on therapy was 84 days for pts without irAEs and 88 days for pts with irAEs. Pts with irAEs had higher mTMB (15.4/mb) compared to pts with no irAEs (9.8) ( p = 0.01). In pts on monotherapy (93), those with irAEs (n=27) had a higher mTMB (15.13/mb) compared to pts with no irAEs (n=66) (mTMB = 10.20/mb) ( p = 0.01). Out of 94 pts with radiological data, response was achieved in 16 (50%) pts with irAE vs 10 (16%) pts with no irAE ( p < 0.001). When both irAE and response were included in a multivariable regression, the association between irAE and TMB was not significant ( p = 0.4). Pts with both irAE and high TMB had a response rate of 56% which was significantly higher than those with either irAE but low TMB (28.6%) or high TMB but no irAE (21.2 %) or low TMB and no irAE (10.3%) (Chi-square test p = 0.002; FDR corrected p-values for individual comparisons in Table). There was no association between TMB and irAE grade. Conclusions: Higher TMB was associated with higher incidence of irAEs in pts with mUC on ICIs. Moreover, pts with both high TMB and irAEs exhibited better response rates than those with only high TMB or irAEs, suggesting that they may provide complementary tumor and host characteristics. Further evaluation in mUC is needed to confirm this relationship between TMB, irAEs and response in a larger cohort and explore specific mutational signatures that may be associated with irAEs. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Prevalence of Microdontia among Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Single Tooth ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of microdontia among patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, (JSMU) from January-2020 to May-2020. Pre-treatment casts were taken of 140 subjects. The mesiodistal dimension of each tooth was recorded through the vernier caliper. Frequency and percentage were calculated for the presence of microdontia. The test applied was Pearson’s Chi-square test to assess the relationship between microdontia and variables like age and gender. P-value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Data analysis was performed on SPSS version 22. Results: A total of 140 subjects were selected i.e. 105 (75%) females and 35 (25%) males aged range 13 -30 years with mean age 18.29 ± 3.88. Out of 42, single tooth microdontia was found in 3 (7.1%), more than one tooth microdontia, and generalized microdontia was present in 36 (85.7%) and 3 (7.1%) respectively. Microdontia was found to be more common in the maxilla (n=42, 100%) than the mandible (n=14, 33.3%). It was found more common in females (n=37, 35.2%) as compared to males (n=5, 14.3%). Statistically significant relationship was found among gender and prevalence of microdontia (p=0.019) with a statistically insignificant relationship between age and presence of microdontia (p=0.228). Conclusions: Microdontia was found to be a frequent dental anomaly, was more common in maxilla and females with a significant association with gender.

scholarly journals Effect of ondansetron on spinal induced hypotension in caesarean deliveries

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-199
Author(s):  
Pujan Balla ◽  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Ninadini Shrestha ◽  
Navindra Bista ◽  
Moda Nath Marhatta
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Elective Caesarean Section ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Induced Hypotension ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

Background: Spinal anesthesia is the preferred technique of anesthesia employed for caesarean sections. However, it is very often complicated by hypotension. Different drugs and techniques have been used to prevent the hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia. In this study, the effect of ondansetron on the prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia was evaluated. Objectives: To determine the effect of prophylactic ondansetron on prevention of spinal induced hypotension in elective caesarean section. Methodology: Eighty-six parturients planned for elective caesarean deliveries were randomized into two groups of 43 each. Group O received Ondansetron 4 mg (4 ml) and Group S received Normal Saline (4 ml) intravenously 10 minutes prior to spinal anesthesia. Blood pressure, heart rate, phenylephrine requirements, occurrence of nausea and vomiting and APGAR scores of neonates were compared between the groups. Hemodynamic data was analyzed using Student’s t-test for intergroup comparison and ANOVA was used for intragroup comparison. Categorical data was analyzed using Pearson Chi-Square test. For all determinants, p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Occurrence of hypotension in Group O (20.9 %) was significantly lower than in Group S (72.1%) (p < 0.05). The mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in Group O at 2, 6, 8, 12 and 14 minutes (p < 0.05). The use of phenylephrine (37.21 mcg vs. 146.51 mcg, p < 0.05) and occurrence of nausea (11.6%, vs. 41.9% p < 0.002) was significantly lower in ondansetron group. Conclusion: Ondansetron is effective in preventing spinal induced hypotension in elective caesarean sections.

scholarly journals Dismenorhoe Incidence In Female Students With Anemia

2018 ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Azrida Machmud ◽  
Suchi Avnalurini Sharief ◽  
Halida Thamrin
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

For children and adolescent girls found many health problems, especially anemia. In women with iron deficiency anemia, the amount of menstrual blood is also more. Most women do not feel the symptoms at the time of menstruation, but some feel heavy in the pelvis or feel pain (dysmenorrhoea). Various studies have shown that the incidence of dysmenorrhoea is still quite high, those who experience severe dysmenorrhoea after taking the drug should rest and it is recommended to limit even leave the school or work for 1-3 days in a month which would certainly be detrimental to women in the activity, especially in young women who are in a period of growth and development. The purpose of this study to determine the relationship between anemia with dismenorhoe incident. The approach taken in this research is quantitative. This type of research used surveyive design with cross sectional approach. In this research the sampling method using Random Sampling technique. The results showed a significant relationship between anemia with the incidence of dysmenorrhoea in UMI midwifery students where the results of Chi Square test of 9,737 with p-value 0.0001 <0,05. It can be concluded that anemia can cause dysmenorrhoea in young women, so the need to increase knowledge about nutrition for young woman to prevent the happening of anemia.          

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PENINGKATAN BERAT BADAN DAN KETIDAKTERATURAN SIKLUS HAID DENGAN PENGGUNA KB SUNTIK PADA AKSEPTOR KB DI PUSKESMAS PEMBINA PALEMBANG TAHUN 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bina Aquari Bina Aquari
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Monthly Period ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAK   Kontrasepsi Hormonal sebagai salah satu alat Kontrasepsi meningkat dan tajam. Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) 2014, Pengguna alat kontrasepsi suntik yaitu 35,3%, pil yaitu 30,5%, IUD yaitu 15,2%, Implant 7,3%, dan 11,7% Kontrasepsi lainnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan peningkatan berat badan dan ketidakteraturan siklus haid dengan KB suntik pada akseptor KB di Puskesmas Pembina Palembang Tahun 2018.Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah hubungan antara umur dan pengetahuan akseptor tentang KB Suntik di Puskesmas Pembina Palembang Tahun 2018.Penelitian ini menggunakan survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional yang dilakukan dengan kuesioner.Uji Statistic yang dipakai adalah Uji Chi-Square. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 62 orang dan seluruh Populasi dijadikan sampel. Dari hasil analisa univariat responden yang memakai KB Suntik lebih besar yaitu sebanyak 36 orang (58,1%), dan 26 orang (41,9%) yang tidak memakai KB Suntik. Responden yang berat badannya meningkat memakai kontrasepsi sebanyak 33 orang (53,2%), sedangkan responden yang berat badannya tidak meningkat sebanyak 29 orang (46,8%) dibandingkan dengan responden yang siklus haidnya tidak teratur adalah sebanyak 32 orang (51,6%). Hasil analisa statistik dengan menggunakan Uji Chi-Square dengan df = 1 ada hubungan yang bermakna peningkatan berat badan dengan KB Suntik pada akseptor KB diperoleh p value (0.006) lebih kecil dari (0,05) dan ada hubungan yang bermakna ketidakteraturan siklus haid dengan KB suntik pada akseptor KB diperoleh p value (0,011) lebih kecil dari (0,05). Saran agar petugas kesehatan meningkatkan kinerja dan sistem informasi mengenai masalah yang berhubungan dengan pemakaian KB Suntik.       ABSTRACT   The hormonal contraception as becoming on of the contraceptions tools which is increasing sharply. Based on world Health Organitation (WHO) the user of injected contraception is 35,3%, pill 30,5%, IUD 15%, implant 7,3%, and 11,7% for another contraception. The purpose of this research is for knowing wheter there is the increasing of weight and the irregular of monthly period with injected contraception for the acceptor at Puskesmas Pembina Palembang in 2014. The main case of this research is the relationship between the increasing of the weight and the irregular monthly period at Puskesmas Pembina Palembang in 2014. This research using analytic survey with cross sectional closing yhat was done by using questioner, the statistic test which take is Chi-Square test. The population in this reseacrh are 62 peoples, and all off them as becoming the sample from the result of respondent univariat analyze whom using the injected contraception in bigger that is exactly 36 people (58,1%) and 26 people (41,9%) whom do not using it. The respondent with their weight is increasing because of using contraception is 33 people (53,2%), while the respondent whom the weight do not increasing is 29 people (46,8%), when we compare with the respondent whom the monthly period is irregular are 32 people (51,6%). The result for statistic analyze by using the Chi-Square test with the df = 1 says that there is a significant relationship between the weight increasing with the injected contraception for the acceptor we get p value (0,006) is smaller than (0,05) and there is significant relationship between the injected contraception for the acceptor we get p value (0,011) with is smaller than (0,05). The sugestion of the health workes to increasing the performance the information sistem about the problem that is connected with the inject contraception using

scholarly journals Education and Behavioural Barriers for Menstrual Health Communication between Parent and Adolescent Girls

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suma K G
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Parental Communication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Menstrual Health ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

This study is an empirical attempt to understand parental communication about bleeding, first period and dysmenorrhea with adolescent girls. It examines the barriers of communication from the adolescent girls' perspective. The study was conducted in a couple of taluks of ballari district, i.e., Sandur and Hospet. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a descriptive research design was adopted. The data was gathered using the interview schedule from 260 adolescent girls adopting a random sampling method. The findings of the study reveal that the mean age of the adolescent girls was 15.34 years. It was found that the parents' behaviour and educational level impact communication with adolescent girls with reference to bleeding, first period and dysmenorrhea. The Chi-Square test has been done to assess the relationship between communicational barriers and education. The ANOVA test has been applied to understand the relationship between parents' behaviour, educational level and communication barriers.

scholarly journals The Relationship Of The Level Of Family Knowledge And Efforts To Prevent Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 In The Working Area Of Babakan Public Health Center District Of Cirebon

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Lukatul Khoiriyah ◽  
Ramli Effendi ◽  
Thia Oktiany
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Health Center ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

The level of family knowledge is a very important factor in the actions of families of people with Diabetes Mellitus, behavior based on knowledge will be easier to carry out than those not based on knowledge. Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that requires proper and immediate treatment efforts because it can cause complications such as heart disease, kidney failure, and damage to the nervous system. One way to overcome the effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is by applying a diet. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of family knowledge with efforts to prevent complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the work area of Babakan Puskesmas, Cirebon Regency. This research method uses descriptive correlational, this research uses cross section research. The population is all families with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the work area of Babakan Puskesmas in Cirebon Regency as many as 144 respondents and sampling using Purposive Sampling obtained 60 respondents. The instruments used were questionnaire sheets, and data analysis using chi-square test that is the significance value α = 0.1. The results of the above study indicate between the level of family knowledge and prevention of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in getting p-value = 0.04, because the p-value of 0.04 <0.1 then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted which means there is a relationship between the level of family knowledge and prevention of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the work area of Babakan Health Center, Cirebon Regency.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Waste Management With The Incidence Of Diarrhea In Argasunya Village Cirebon City

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Jaenudin ◽  
Sandi Aprianto ◽  
Citra Setyo Dwi Andini
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Status ◽  
Diarrhea Incidence ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Garbage is something material or solid objects that is no used by humans. The impact or risk of improper handling of garbage can cause to environmental damages that can cause health problems and disesase, one of them is diarrhea disease. According to the health profile of West Java Province (2012) showed that the 1.906.886 diarrhea incidence. Cirebon City is ranked ninth with 88,702 diarrhea incidence. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to know the relationship of waste management with the incidence of diarrhea In Argasunya Village Cirebon City. Method: This research used descriptive correlation with kohort retrospekif approach. The population in this study that is all the people who suffer from diarrhea in the Argasunya Village with 72 respondents. The sample in this study using total sampling with 72 respondents who suffer from diarrhea. The research instrument used the observation sheet of waste management and the result of the status of the patient according the medical record data in Sitopeng Public Health Center. The analysis used univariate and bivariate used Chi Square test. Result: The result of univariate analysis showed that most of the waste management did not fulfill the requirement of 59 respondents (81,9%) and most of the acute diarrhea was 62 respondents (86,1%). There was no significant relationship of waste management with the incidence of diarrhea In Argasunya Village Cirebon City, p-value = 0,677.

Combination Therapy Of Tadalafil And Pentoxifylline In Severe Erectile Dysfunction; A Prospective Randomized Trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
Rajesh Roat ◽  
Swati Agrawal ◽  
Kumar Jayant ◽  
Ravimohan S. Mavuduru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Erectile Function ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstractwas to assess efficacy of Tadalafil alone versus Tadalafil plus Pentoxifylline in the treatment of erectile dysfunction by using self administered IIEF-5 questionnaire.Two hundred and thirty seven patients presenting with ED at andrology OPD were evaluated for ED by a self administered IIEF (International Index of Erectile Function) questionnaire. Patients were systematically randomized by computer generated random table into two groups groups namely, group A: Tadalafil only group, group B: combination of Tadalafil + Pentoxifyl-line. All the patients were re-assessed by IIEF-5 questionnaire after 8 weeks of medical therapy. Statistical analysis was performed using student’s unpaired t-test, paired t-test, chi square test. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Two hundred and thirty seven patients were included in the present study, in group A: 92 patients (78.6%) showed improvement in their IIEF score after 8 weeks of tadalafil treatment. While in group B, overall 104 patients(86.6%) showed improvement after combination of Tadalafil and Pentoxifylline. There was a statistically significant difference of percentage change in IIEF score was seen in group B (group A 90.7±15.2%, group B 95.6±13.4%; p value – 0.014). We found this difference even more statistically significant in patients with severe ED (group A 72.7±47.2%, group B 132.3±54.3%; p value – 0.000). There was no significant difference in between the two groups with regards to occur-rence of side effects.Both tadalafil and combination of Tadalafil + Pentoxifylline improve erectile function in patients of ED. Patients with severe ED showed much significant improvement in erectile function with combination therapy.

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