scholarly journals UNEMPLOYMENT HYSTERESIS IN MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Wissem Boukraine
Keyword(s):  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Transition Model ◽  
Policy Recommendation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Labor Market Reforms ◽  
Rate Behavior ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stimulus Package

Business cycles pave the way for asymmetry in the unemployment rate behavior with rapid increases during recessions and slight decreases in expansions. It, in turn, may raise the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment and the cost in terms of inflation of any demand stimulus policy. The recent jump in unemployment worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the government’s stimulus package following it raises questions about the cost of such a decision. We use the smooth transition model (STR) to analyze unemployment dynamics on quarterly data over the last two decades for fifteen middle-income countries. Our results suggest the absence of hysteresis except for Bulgaria, Mexico, and Ukraine. Our policy recommendation for these countries is the necessity of labor market reforms, as hysteresis will considerably reduce any economic stimulus on unemployment.Keywords: Unemployment, hysteresis, STRJEL Classification: C10, J60

scholarly journals Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of maternal pertussis immunization in low- and middle-income countries: A review of lessons learnt

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise B. Russell ◽  
Ajoke Sobanjo-ter Meulen ◽  
Cristiana M. Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Lessons Learnt ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The Cost of Procuring and Delivering COVID-19 Vaccines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Model of Projected Resource Needs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mustafa Diab ◽  
Armand Zimmerman ◽  
Siddharth Dixit ◽  
Wenhui Mao ◽  
Ipchita Bharali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resource Needs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Logistics Cost Dynamics in International Business: A Causal Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-495
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kar ◽  
Pratyay Ranjan Datta
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Logistics Cost ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Causal Approach ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The cost of logistics plays a vital role in the pricing of goods in international trade. Besides, the recent imposition of additional tariff by even upper-middle income countries such as the USA, China etc., has led to an increase in the total landed cost of goods. However, a seller has no option but to adapt to changing tariff requirements and can articulate only the logistics cost to a certain extent. This aspect requires an understanding of the logistics cost dynamics in international business. Since a higher volume of goods moves by marine transportation, this study focusses on the same. In this article, authors have attempted to establish a statistically significant relationship between prices and other factors like fuel, number of vessels, freight, and weight value ratio. The paper introduces a logistics-coefficient to indicate the extent of integration of logistics activities to keep the total-landed-cost (TLC) unchanged. Finally, the author proposes the system dynamics model to study the impact of changes in any one or some or all these factors on the price of the product. This model will enable the global firm to decide the entry and exit in the market. JEL Codes: F23

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the risk of healthcare-acquired infections in middle-income countries: A systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 266-273
Author(s):  
Pushpa Udayangani Gamalathge ◽  
Sanjeewa Kularatna ◽  
Hannah E Carter ◽  
Sameera Senanayake ◽  
Nicholous Graves
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Quality Of Reporting ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Cost

Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) contribute to prolonged hospital stays and account for a substantial economic burden to healthcare systems. Middle-income countries (MICs) experience a greater burden of HAI than developed countries. Evidence on the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce HAI is required to inform decision-making in these settings. Aim: To synthesise the evidence on cost-effectiveness as related to HAI interventions in MICs and to assess the quality of this evidence. Methods: A systematic review of published literature on the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the incidence of HAI in MICs between 2000 and 2018 was conducted. Results: Six studies met the pre-determined inclusion criteria. The studies were from three countries: Thailand; India; and Vietnam. The evidence suggests that interventions to reduce HAI are cost-effective and, in most cases, cost-saving to healthcare systems. The quality of the reporting varied across studies. Conclusions: The implementation of HAI prevention interventions appears to be a high value use of resources in MICs. There is a need for further cost-effectiveness analyses in a wider range of MICs in order to confirm these findings. Improved standardisation and quality of reporting is required.

scholarly journals The cost-effectiveness of hypertension management in low-income and middle-income countries: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. e002213
Author(s):  
Deliana Kostova ◽  
Garrison Spencer ◽  
Andrew E Moran ◽  
Laura K Cobb ◽  
Muhammad Jami Husain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
National Income ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

Hypertension in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is largely undiagnosed and uncontrolled, representing an untapped opportunity for public health improvement. Implementation of hypertension control strategies in low-resource settings depends in large part on cost considerations. However, evidence on the cost-effectiveness of hypertension interventions in LMICs is varied across geographical, clinical and evaluation contexts. We conducted a comprehensive search for published economic evaluations of hypertension treatment programmes in LMICs. The search identified 71 articles assessing a wide range of hypertension intervention designs and cost components, of which 42 studies across 15 countries reported estimates of cost-effectiveness. Although comparability of results was limited due to heterogeneity in the interventions assessed, populations studied, costs and study quality score, most interventions that reported cost per averted disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) were cost-effective, with costs per averted DALY not exceeding national income thresholds. Programme elements that may reduce cost-effectiveness included screening for hypertension at younger ages, addressing prehypertension, or treating patients at lower cardiovascular disease risk. Cost-effectiveness analysis could provide the evidence base to guide the initiation and development of hypertension programmes.

What are the costs of violence?

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Hoeffler
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
One Year ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Cost

This article presents estimates of the global cost of collective and interpersonal violence for the period of one year. This includes war, terrorism, homicides, assaults and domestic violence against women and children. The cost of conventionally defined interpersonal violence, that is, homicides and assault, are about 7.5 times higher than the cost due to war and terrorism. I also estimate the costs of non-fatal domestic violence against children and women and suggest that these costs are much higher than the combined costs of homicide, assault, terrorism and war. The main reason is that the prevalence of these types of violence is very high: possibly as many as 16 per cent of all children are punished using violent methods and about 12 per cent of all women experience intimate partner violence. Richer societies have lower levels of violence, and there is evidence that prevalence rates have been declining over time. However, it is often unclear why this is the case. Much of the evidence from violence reducing interventions comes from high-income countries, and it is uncertain whether these programs would be similarly effective in low- and middle-income countries. However, although further research is needed to examine the effectiveness of violence-reducing interventions, it appears likely that some interventions would constitute a very effective use of resources.

scholarly journals Scaling-Up NCD Interventions in South-East Asia (SUNI-SEA) - the cost evaluation of life-style related NCD interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Koot
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Up ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Universal Health

Abstract Vietnam, Myanmar, and Indonesia are trying to create innovative synergies within and between sectors to prevent and treat NCDs. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is the objective of these countries. The challenge for decision makers in healthcare is to implement programmes and interventions that effectively contain NCDs at the lowest possible cost both in community-based and primary care facilities. The value of implementation and upscaling is assessed by estimating costs, savings and health gains. The presentation focuses on cost-effectiveness evaluation of the entire scaling-up, allowing for comparison within and among countries and generate recommendations for achieving UHC in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals The Cost of Road Infrastructure in Low and Middle Income Countries

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Collier ◽  
Martina Kirchberger ◽  
Måns Söderbom
Keyword(s):  
Middle Income ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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