scholarly journals Urbanization: Exploring Rural-Urban Migration, Conflict, and Anthropogenic Change in Colombia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guibor Camargo ◽  
Andrés Miguel Sampayo ◽  
Andrés Peña Galindo ◽  
Francisco Escobedo ◽  
Fernando Carriazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Change ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Anthropogenic Change ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Anthropogenic change is generally associated with population growth, land use change, and changing economies. However, internal migration patterns and armed conflicts can also be key drivers behind these anthropogenic change and demographic change processes. To better understand this dynamic, we explore the spatial relationship between forced migration due to armed conflict and changing demographic factors in Colombia; a country with a recent history of 7 million internal migrants. First, we spatiotemporally analyzed the relationship between anthropogenic and demographic change due to forced migration from internal armed conflicts using remote sensing to measure anthropogenic change during 1984-2018 and we then used statistical and spatial analyses of demographic data. We found that anthropogenic change is significantly and positively related with increased rural-urban migration. Results show that interregional expulsion is also negatively associated with such anthropogenic change. Indeed, different regions anthropogenic prints have had different sensibilities towards forced migration, and across different time periods. Findings are then used to discuss how social and political phenomena such as armed conflict can have significant effects on the dynamics and trajectories of humans and territories in countries such as Colombia.

scholarly journals Exploring the dynamics of migration, armed conflict, urbanization, and anthropogenic change in Colombia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242266
Author(s):  
Guibor Camargo ◽  
Andrés Miguel Sampayo ◽  
Andrés Peña Galindo ◽  
Francisco J. Escobedo ◽  
Fernando Carriazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Anthropogenic Change ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Demographic Processes

Anthropogenic change has been associated with population growth, land use change, and changing economies. However, internal migration patterns and armed conflicts are also key drivers of anthropogenic and demographic processes. To better understand the processes associated with this change, we explore the spatial relationship between forced migration due to armed conflict and changing socioeconomic factors in Colombia, a country which has a recent history of 7 million internal migrants. In addition, we use remote sensing, Google Earth Engine, as well as spatial statistical analyses of demographic data in order to measure anthropogenic change between 1984 and 2013—a socio-politically important period in Colombia’s armed conflict. We also analyze spatiotemporal relationships between socioeconomic and anthropogenic changes, which are caused by forced migration. We found that forced migration is significantly and positively related to an increasing rural-urban type of migration which results from armed conflict. Results also show that it is negatively related to interregional displacement. Indeed, anthropogenic change pertaining to different regions have had different correlations with forced migration, and across different time periods. Findings are used to discuss how socioeconomic and political phenomena such as armed conflict can have complex effects on the dynamics of anthropogenic and ecological change as well as movement of humans in countries like Colombia.

scholarly journals Health Selectivity and Rural-Urban Migration in China: A Nationwide Multiple Cross-Sectional Study in 2012, 2014, 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Yi ◽  
Yu Liao ◽  
Lingling Zheng ◽  
Mengjie Li ◽  
Jing Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Background: China is undergoing an unprecedented rural-urban migration, which may deeply influence the health of internal migrants. Previous studies suggested that migrants are a selectively healthier population. This paper examines the evidence for and the changes of health selectivity among Chinese internal migrants. Methods: We use data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), a nationally representative survey conducted in 2012, 2014, and 2016, respectively. The health statuses of four groups of research subjects (out-migrants, returned migrants, rural residents, and urban residents) are measured by general health, physical health, and emotional health. Results: By comparing the health status of migrants with that of rural residents, we find supportive evidence for the Healthy Migrant Hypothesis that migrants exhibit better health than rural residents in their hometown. We also add strength to the Salmon Bias Hypothesis that migrants returning to their hometowns are less healthy than those still being outside. However, migrants present worse emotional health in both comparisons. The general and physical health gaps between migrants, rural residents, and returnees widened in all three rounds of the survey, which implies a possibly increasing trend of health selectivity. This study also suggests that bringing family to the destination requires better general and physical health, but not emotional health. Conclusions: Migrants are positively selected on general and physical health. The health selectivity in 2012–2016 is highly likely to increase, which means that there are increasing number of obstacles for migrants to overcome. Family migration’s high requirement for health might also contribute to it. It is urgent to establish and improve primary health care service systems in rural areas in current circumstances.

scholarly journals Impact of Rural Urban Migration on Economic Sources in

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 999-1054
Author(s):  
HASSAN HUSSEIN IBRAHIM
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

This study comprises of five chapters. The topic of the research was Impact of Rural Urban Migration on Economic Sources in Mogadishu: Challenges and opportunities. The main objective of study was to examine determinates of rural urban migration in Somalia. Challenges and problems associated with internal rural migration and possible solutions of the problems associated with internal migration. Methodology: The researcher employed a descriptive survey design and engaged both Quantitative and Qualitative Research methods and also used interview schedule and questionnaires for collecting data. The Quantitative Data, the researcher engaged the use of SPSS used by tables. While the Qualitative Data also analyzed by using themes and explanations while comparing and contrasting the findings with the literature review. The sample size used to be 384 respondents picked up from the target population. Key findings: Recurrent shocks both natural and manmade disasters including droughts, floods and conflicts are the major determinates of rural urban migration, High unemployment rates, limited educational facilities in the rural, lack of social service delivery including heath, medical facilities and clean water abject poverty and bad living conditions. The weakened Government efforts and NGOs to curb the problems of internal migration include: Improve the economic status of the country, support agricultural sector and livestock to keep the pastoral and agro-pastoralist to migrate into the urban areas. Reorganization and diversifying the Employment in public and private sectors to reduce the economic migration, specifically the youth migration from the rural to urban areas looking for better employment opportunities. Conclusion: Overall, the objectives of the study were attained and it was thus concluded that, determinants of the rural urban migration are mainly economic reasons and standard of the living condition in the rural, as well as the deteriorated insecurity situations in most parts of south and central Somali regions where internal migrants are mainly migrated from, the researcher described this as the pull and push factors. The socioeconomic conditions of the rural areas and internal migrants were found to be worrisome.

JOB FORMALITY AND EARNINGS DIFFERENCES AMONG MIGRANTS AND NON-MIGRANTS: EVIDENCE FROM FOUR INDONESIAN CITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
PAMUDI BANJITHA ABEYNAYAKE SENADHEERAGE ◽  
GARETH DAVID LEEVES ◽  
AUDREY K. L. SIAH
Keyword(s):  
Informal Employment ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Project Data

Informal employment is a critical source of income for both internal migrants and non-migrants. This study uses the Rural–Urban Migration in Indonesia (RUMiI) project data for 2008 and 2009 to investigate the role of informal employment in earnings among internal migrants and non-migrants in Indonesia while considering the broader nature of informal employment and remuneration. Results show that when using a detailed measure of informality, income consequences of more intensive informal employment are severe, which had not been recognised in the literature. Some of the largest earnings reductions resulting from moving to more informal employment were experienced by non-migrants.

scholarly journals Economic Growth, Demographic Change and Rural-Urban Migration in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1884-1895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-ning ZHONG ◽  
Qing LI ◽  
Jing XIANG ◽  
Jing ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Women's rural-urban migration in Lebanon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sally N. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Migration Studies ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Low Income Women ◽  
The Impact

Women’s sole internal migration has been mostly ignored in migration studies, and the concentration on migrant women has been almost exclusively on low-income women within the household framework. This study focuses on middleclass women’s contemporary rural-urban migration in Lebanon. It probes into the determinants and outcomes of women’s sole internal migration within the empowerment framework. The study delves into the interplay of the personal, social, and structural factors that determine the women’s rural-urban migration as well as its outcomes. It draws together the lived experiences of migrant women to explore the determinants of women’s internal migration as well as the impact of migration on their expanded empowerment.

Современный образ войны и проблема ее трасформации

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
D. A. Abgadzhava ◽  
A. S. Vlaskina
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
Modern War

War is an essential part of the social reality inherent in all stages of human development: from the primitive communal system to the present, where advanced technologies and social progress prevail. However, these characteristics do not make our society more peaceful, on the contrary, according to recent research and reality, now the number of wars and armed conflicts have increased, and most of the conflicts have a pronounced local intra-state character. Thus, wars in the classical sense of them go back to the past, giving way to military and armed conflicts. Now the number of soldiers and the big army doesn’t show the opponents strength. What is more important is the fact that people can use technology, the ideological and informational base to win the war. According to the history, «weak» opponent can be more successful in conflict if he has greater cohesion and ideological unity. Modern wars have already transcended the political boundaries of states, under the pressure of certain trends, they are transformed into transnational wars, that based on privatization, commercialization and obtaining revenue. Thus, the present paper will show a difference in understanding of terms such as «war», «military conflict» and «armed conflict». And also the auteurs will tell about the image of modern war and forecasts for its future transformation.

International Criminalization of Offences Relating to Cultural Property

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Danil Sergeev
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Hague Convention ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
International Protection ◽  
International Instruments

The article evaluates current conditions of international criminalization of offences relating to cultural property and makes a brief historical review of developing international protection of cultural property and elaborating a corresponding notion. Having analyzed the international instruments, the author concludes that offences relating to cultural property may include deliberate seizure, appropriation, demolition as well as any other forms of destruction or damage to objects and items protected under the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict committed during international and non-international armed conflicts. These offences do not include such possible acts toward universal cultural values committed either beyond any armed conflict or without direct connection with it. Taking the examples of destruction of Buddhas of Bamiyan, Nimrud, Palmyra, and mausoleums of Timbuktu, the author states that international criminalization of offences relating to cultural property is insufficient, because it does not encompass such cases when objects or items of cultural value are damaged or destroyed under the control of national administrations or with their knowledge.

Reparation for Environmental Damage in Jus Post Bellum

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Plakokefalos
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Jus Post Bellum ◽  
Typical Situation ◽  
Sharing Responsibility

This chapter explores the problems that environmental damage in armed conflict pose to the determination of shared responsibility, and especially the determination of reparations, in the context of the jus post bellum. When two actors are engaged in armed conflict, there arise no serious issues as to sharing responsibility for violations. But the fact that modern armed conflicts often involve more than two actors (e.g. Libya 2011) complicates the matters arising out of environmental harm, as there may be two or more actors contributing to the same harmful event. This is a typical situation of shared responsibility. Shared responsibility provides that the problem of reparations for environmental harm is to be examined in situations where there is a multiplicity of actors that contribute to a single harmful outcome. This definition covers the breach of obligations under jus ad bellum and jus in bello, as well as under international environmental law.

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