scholarly journals Structural equation modelling the ‘control of gut overgrowth’ in the prevention of ICU acquired Gram-negative infection.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Topical Antibiotic ◽  
Parenteral Antibiotic ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Equation Modelling

Abstract Background: Conceptually, the ‘control of gut overgrowth’ (COGO) is key in mediating prevention against infection with Gram-negative bacilli by topical antibiotic prophylaxis, a common constituent of Selective Digestive Decontamination (SDD) regimens. However, the relative importance of the other SDD components; enteral and protocolized parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis, versus other methods of infection prevention and versus other contextual exposures cannot be resolved within individual studies. Methods: Seven candidate generalized structural equation models founded on COGO concepts were confronted with Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter bacteremia as well as ventilator associated pneumonia data derived from >200 infection prevention studies. The following group level exposures were included in the models; use and mode of antibiotic prophylaxis, antiseptic and non-decontamination methods of infection prevention; proportion receiving mechanical ventilation; trauma ICU; mean length of ICU stay and concurrency versus non-concurrency of topical antibiotic prophylaxis study control groups. Results: In modelling Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter gut overgrowth as latent variables, anti-septic interventions had the strongest negative effect against Pseudomonas gut overgrowth but no intervention was significantly negative against Acinetobacter gut overgrowth. Strikingly, protocolized parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis and concurrency each have positive effects in the model, enteral antibiotic prophylaxis is neutral and Acinetobacter bacteremia incidences are high within topical antibiotic prophylaxis studies, moreso with protocolized parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis exposure. Paradoxically, topical antibiotic prophylaxis (moreso with protocolized parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis) appears to provide the strongest summary prevention effects against overall bacteremia and overall VAP. Conclusions: Structural equation modelling of published Gram-negative bacilli infection data enables a test of the COGO concept. Paradoxically, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas bacteremia incidences are unusually high among studies of topical antibiotic prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Structural equation modelling the ‘control of gut overgrowth’ in the prevention of ICU acquired Gram-negative infection.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Parenteral Antibiotic ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Prevention Studies ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract Background: Conceptually, the ‘control of gut overgrowth’ (COGO), including ‘abnormal Gram-negative bacilli’ (AGNB), is key to the mediation of infection prevention by Selective Digestive Decontamination (SDD). However, the relative importance of the SDD components; topical (TAP), enteral (EAP) and protocolized parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis (PPAP), versus other methods of infection prevention and versus other contextual exposures cannot be resolved within individual studies. Methods: Generalized structural equation models (GSEM) based on COGO concepts were confronted with data derived from >200 infection prevention studies reporting incidences of overall, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter bacteremia as well as ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) data including the following group level exposures; TAP, EAP and PPAP use versus antiseptic versus non-decontamination mode of infection prevention; proportion receiving mechanical ventilation (MV); trauma ICU; mean length of ICU stay and concurrency versus non-concurrency of TAP study control groups. Results: In GSEM modelling of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter gut overgrowth (GO) as latent variables, anti-septic interventions had the strongest negative effect against Pseudomonas GO but no intervention was significantly negative against Acinetobacter GO. Strikingly, PPAP and concurrency each have positive effects in the model, EAP is neutral and Acinetobacter bacteremia incidences are high within TAP studies, moreso with PPAP exposure. Paradoxically, TAP (moreso with PPAP) appears to provide the strongest summary prevention effects against bacteremia and VAP overall. Conclusions: GSEM modelling of published data provides novel insights into the COGO concept and the complex and profoundly paradoxical relationships between various interventions, concurrency and other exposures in relation to infection with AGNB.

scholarly journals Structural equation modelling the ‘control of gut overgrowth’ in the prevention of ICU acquired Gram-negative infection.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Parenteral Antibiotic ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Prevention Studies ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract Background: Conceptually, the ‘control of gut overgrowth’ (COGO) is key to the mediation of infection prevention with ‘abnormal Gram-negative bacilli’ (AGNB) by Selective Digestive Decontamination (SDD). However, the relative importance of the SDD components; topical (TAP), enteral (EAP) and protocolized parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis (PPAP), versus other methods of infection prevention and versus other contextual exposures cannot be resolved within individual studies. Methods: Seven candidate generalized structural equation models (GSEM) founded on COGO concepts were confronted with Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter bacteremia as well as ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) data derived from >200 infection prevention studies. The following group level exposures were included in the GSEM models; use of TAP, EAP, PPAP, antiseptic and non-decontamination methods of infection prevention; proportion receiving mechanical ventilation (MV); trauma ICU; mean length of ICU stay and concurrency versus non-concurrency of TAP study control groups. Results: In GSEM modelling of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter gut overgrowth (GO) as latent variables, anti-septic interventions had the strongest negative effect against Pseudomonas GO but no intervention was significantly negative against Acinetobacter GO. Strikingly, PPAP and concurrency each have positive effects in the model, EAP is neutral and Acinetobacter bacteremia incidences are high within TAP studies, moreso with PPAP exposure. Paradoxically, TAP (moreso with PPAP) appears to provide the strongest summary prevention effects against overall bacteremia and overall VAP. Conclusions: GSEM modelling of published AGNB infection data enables a test of the COGO concept. Paradoxically, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas bacteremia incidences are unusually high among studies of TAP.

scholarly journals Candida–Acinetobacter–Pseudomonas Interaction Modelled within 286 ICU Infection Prevention Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
James C. Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Candida Colonization ◽  
Topical Antibiotic ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Prevention Studies ◽  
Improved Model

Background: Whether Candida interacts to enhance the invasive potential of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria cannot be resolved within individual studies. There are several anti-septic, antibiotic, anti-fungal, and non-decontamination-based interventions to prevent ICU acquired infection. These effective prevention interventions would be expected to variably impact Candida colonization. The collective observations within control and intervention groups from numerous ICU infection prevention studies simulates a multi-centre natural experiment with which to evaluate Candida, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas interaction (CAPI). Methods: Eight Candidate-generalized structural equation models (GSEM), with Candida, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter colonization as latent variables, were confronted with blood culture and respiratory tract isolate data derived from >400 groups derived from 286 infection prevention studies. Results: Introducing an interaction term between Candida colonization and each of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter colonization improved model fit in each case. The size of the coefficients (and 95% confidence intervals) for these interaction terms in the optimal Pseudomonas (+0.33; 0.22 to 0.45) and Acinetobacter models (+0.32; 0.01 to 0.5) were similar to each other and similar in magnitude, but contrary in direction, to the coefficient for exposure to topical antibiotic prophylaxis (TAP) on Pseudomonas colonization (−0.45; −0.71 to −0.2). The coefficient for exposure to topical antibiotic prophylaxis on Acinetobacter colonization was not significant. Conclusions: GSEM modelling of published ICU infection prevention data supports the CAPI concept. The CAPI model could account for some paradoxically high Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas infection incidences, most apparent among the concurrent control groups of TAP studies.

scholarly journals Safety Analysis of an Automobile Workshop Using Qualitative Risk Assessment Method and Risk Analysis Through the Structural Equation Modelling

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Ayomide Olawale Akintimehin ◽  
Sunday Ayoola Oke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Repair Service ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Automobile repair service hazards are risk factors for multiple severe accidents, and scientific proof reveals a relationship between repair activity hazards and accidents in the auto-mechanic workshop. In this research, the investigators approximated the impact of risk factors for automobile repair activities, using novel parameters, for severity of hazards and influences on subjects, and based on literature. Next, insights into the relationship between latent variables which are appraised by manifest variables using the structural equation modelling were pursued. The respondents answered questionnaires on probability of hazard occurrence, severity and some identified measured variables. The authors appraised 44 out of the 80 and 98 out of 99 distributed questionnaires for the first and second modules, respectively. The risk levels ranged between low and medium for the medium scale establishment due to the nature of work done in the automobile repair centre which exposes the workers to the level of risk. For the second module involving the use of structural equation modelling, the factor loading was the least for safety behaviours (0.06) and highest for machine efficiency (0.90). Of the fifteen hypotheses formulated six were accepted. It is concluded that the safety behaviour of workers depends safety on the workers in the firm irrespective of other factors such as management commitment to safety, environmental contributions and safety, communications. Understanding the impact of risk factors for automobile repair activities in workers is necessary in elevating awareness absent these parameters and to eliminate accidents.

Applications of structural equation modelling in clinical and health psychology research

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick H. Hoyle
Keyword(s):  
Health Psychology ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Causal Modelling ◽  
Equation Modelling

This chapter discusses applications of structural equation modelling (SEM, or causal modelling) in clinical and health psychology research. It outlines path diagrams, measurement models, structural models, the inclusion of latent variables, validity (factorial and construct), and measurement invariance. Structural hypotheses are also explored, along with caveats for the use of SEM.

An Application of Structural Equation Modelling to Search Antecedents Latent Variables in Organisational Health, Occupational Role Stress and Social Support for Organisational Commitment

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2and3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Mishra ◽  
S. M. Khan ◽  
P. C. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Organizational Health ◽  
Role Stress ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Occupational Role ◽  
Endogenous Variables

In this article, a search for antecedents latent variables of organizational commitment from organizational health, occupational role stress, and social support for Indian Nationalized Bank Managers was made. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to assess the fit of the model that identified autonomy, cohesiveness, goal focus, role overload, and responsibility for the person as statistically significant antecedents of organizational commitment. Our models provided a good fit. Direct and indirect effects of exogenous variables on endogenous variables estimated and resultant percent of variance accounted into organizational commitment reported.

Role of Trust in Influencing Service Recommendation from Customers for Beauty Service Industry

Metamorphosis ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 097262252110662
Author(s):  
Tapish Panwar ◽  
Kalim Khan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Service Recommendation ◽  
Latent Constructs ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Customer Education

The research aims to deconstruct trust in beauty service into underlying latent variables with observable predictors. It further analyses the influence of these latent variables on the service recommendation behaviour of customers for beauty service. Factor reduction using EFA and structural equation modelling using CFA with AMOS 18 was applied on two samples of 214 and 225 respondents. The two latent constructs strongly representing trust were identified as “trust due to customer education” and “trust due to safety and hygiene.” These factors were found to play a significant role in service recommendation when it comes to beauty service.

Perceived teachers’ autonomy support, positive behaviour, and misbehaviour in physical education: The roles of advantageous comparison and non-responsibility

2020 ◽  
pp. 1356336X2097133
Author(s):  
Wei-Ting Hsu ◽  
I-Wei Shang ◽  
Chia-Huei Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Autonomy Support ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Teacher Autonomy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Equation Modelling

To better investigate why positive behaviour and misbehaviour occur, the study aimed to examine the relationships among teachers’ autonomy support and students’ advantageous comparison, non-responsibility, positive behaviour, and misbehaviour. We also examined the mediating roles of advantageous comparison and non-responsibility in these relations. The participants were 478 students with an average age of 14.6 ± 1.49 years, and the students included 259 males and 219 females. Structural equation modelling indicated that teachers’ autonomy support had direct negative effects on advantageous comparison and non-responsibility. Furthermore, advantageous comparison and non-responsibility had direct positive effects on students’ misbehaviour and had direct negative effects on positive behaviour. The relationships between teachers’ autonomy support and students’ misbehaviour and positive behaviour were mediated by advantageous comparison and non-responsibility. In line with previous work, teacher autonomy support might be critical to enhancing students’ positive behaviour as well as reducing their misbehaviour. Since the mediating roles of advantageous comparison and non-responsibility were confirmed, we also suggest that strategies should be applied to eliminate students’ moral disengagement.

scholarly journals The influence of servant leadership on psychological empowerment and organisational citizenship on a sample of teachers

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian G. Van der Hoven ◽  
Bright Mahembe ◽  
Desiree Hamman-Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Psychological Empowerment ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Equation Modelling

Orientation: The exhibition of organisation citizenship behaviour (OCB) by teachers is of great benefit for human capital development. Teachers’ perceptions of school principals as servant leaders play a critical role in their psychological empowerment and exhibition of OCBs.Research purpose: The goal of the study was to analyse the relationship between servant leadership, psychological empowerment and OCB of teachers in the South African school system.Motivation for the study: Teachers are usually under pressure to attend to the academic needs of the learners, which may be required either during normal working hours or after hours. This has necessitated the need to investigate the role played by a school principal’s servant leadership style in influencing the exhibition of OCBs.Research approach/design and method: A non-probability sample of 203 teachers drawn from selected schools in the Western Cape Province of South Africa was utilised. Item and dimensional analysis as well as structural equation modelling were performed on the data.Main findings: The constructs of servant leadership, psychological empowerment and OCB displayed high levels of internal consistency. Generally, a reasonable model fit was found for the structural and measurement models of the latent variables through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Positive relationships were found between servant leadership, psychological empowerment and OCB.Practical/managerial implications: A principal’s servant leadership approach is likely to promote teacher empowerment and development as it enables the principal to develop teachers to their fullest potential through mentoring and coaching. The teachers are likely to respond with OCB, which benefits the learners and society at large.Contribution/value-add: Schools face the challenge of motivating teachers. One of the ways of achieving this objective is by encouraging servant leadership amongst principals. Servant leadership promotes positive outcomes and extra-role behaviours.

The Role of Brand Equity in Building Fan Loyalty: an Application on Football Fans

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2961-2970
Author(s):  
Metin Özlü ◽  
Erkan Faruk Şirin ◽  
Murat Erdoğdu ◽  
Kevser Çinar
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Brand Awareness ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
The Impact

Aim: The concepts of branding and sport marketing have begun to gain importance along with the current developments in sport industry. The fans have great importance on teams’ branding in the world, especially in our country. As the importance of fans increases on teams’ branding, the number of studies carried out on these subject increases, as well Methodology: These research studies are especially carried out within the framework of the Fan-Based Brand Equity model. This study investigates the impact of the brand equity dimensions (brand awareness, brand associations and perceived quality) on fan loyalty in football teams. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to reveal the relationship between the factors affecting fan loyalty and to evaluate the fit of model. This research was administered to 502 volunteer fans of Atiker Konyaspor Club, one of the leading clubs of Turkey Sport Toto Super League, in the 2018-2019 season of Lefter Kuçukandonyadis in Turkey. Results and Conclusion: As a result, it was observed that while two of the brand equity dimensions, brand associations and perceived quality, had positive effects on fan loyalty, the third dimension, brand awareness, had no effect on the model, concerning fan loyalty. Upgrading sports clubs’ attributes and giving importance to the brand association had statistically significant influence on fan loyalty. Key Words: Brand Equity, Fan Loyalty, Football Clubs, Sports Marketing, Structural Equation Modelling.

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