scholarly journals Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Hirotaka Ishigaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Background: Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods: We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results: ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001).Conclusions: Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

scholarly journals Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Hirotaka Ishigaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Background Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

scholarly journals Exercise stress assessed by automated measurements of salivary testosterone and cortisol levels and testosterone/cortisol ratio within circadian rhythms in male long-distance runners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Yoshimaro Yanagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Borg Scale ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Salivary Testosterone ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
Cortisol Ratio

Abstract Background: Exercise stress promoted cortisol and testosterone secretions that have their own circadian rhythms. It is necessary that the testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C ratio) are measured through their rhythms for use in monitoring exercise-induced stress in athletes. Automated measurement has not been applied to salivary testosterone, which requires passive drooling difficult to collect sufficient saliva rapidly. This study aimed to verify whether automated measurements of the testosterone and cortisol concentrations and T/C ratio using saliva collected sequentially can effectively assess exercise intensity differences within circadian rhythms in male athletes.Methods: We investigated the correlations of testosterone and cortisol concentrations measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) between saliva and sera collected from 20 male long-distance runners. We collected the runners' saliva sequentially by passive drooling on two consecutive days involving different intensity trainings in the morning and evening; salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were measured by ECLIA. Each exercise intensity was measured by running distances, velocities, Borg scale score and maximum pulse rate during exercise.Results: The salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with the respective total serum hormone concentrations. The runners were divided into low-intensity exercise group (n = 8) and high-intensity exercise group (n = 7), in which five runners were excluded because measurable saliva samples could not be obtained due to low volume and high-viscosity. Sequential saliva collection and automated measurements detected the runners' circadian rhythms of testosterone, cortisol and T/C ratio. The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher and that in the T/C ratio was significantly lower in the evening interval training on day 1 in the high-intensity exercise group which had significantly higher running velocity, Borg scale score, and maximum pulse rate values; this relationship was not shown for salivary testosterone.Conclusions: Automated measurements of the salivary cortisol concentration and the T/C ratio reflected different exercise intensities may be useful for creating appropriate exercise programs for athletes. Conversely, the automated measurements of salivary testosterone and T/C ratio, which require passive drooling to collect saliva, may be less suitable for practical use with athletes than the salivary cortisol-only measurement

scholarly journals Diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency in patients with hypothalamic–pituitary disease: comparison between serum and salivary cortisol during the high-dose short synacthen test

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Deutschbein ◽  
Nicole Unger ◽  
Klaus Mann ◽  
Stephan Petersenn
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Synacthen Test ◽  
Short Synacthen Test

ObjectiveAccurate assessment of adrenal function is essential in patients with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) disease. The measurement of salivary cortisol (SaC) instead of serum cortisol (SeC) offers several advantages, such as the determination of the free hormone. We evaluated the diagnostic value of SeC and SaC both unstimulated and during a high-dose short synacthen test (HDT) in comparison to the insulin tolerance test (ITT).DesignComparative study between 2005 and 2007.MethodsFifty-five patients with HPA impairment and 21 healthy controls were enrolled. Samples were collected in the early morning and over 120 min during the HDT. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed individual thresholds for four HDT periods (0–30, 0–60, 0–90, and 0–120 min).ResultsThe ITT identified 30 subjects as adrenal insufficient. With respect to the four HDT periods, sensitivity and specificity were 67–79% and 71–88% for SeC, compared with 63–72% and 72–86% for SaC. If upper and lower thresholds (with specificities >95%) were applied, patients were diagnosed in 40–45% by SeC and in 25–31% by SaC. The combination of basal cortisol and HDT allowed a diagnosis in 47–49% (SeC) and in 42–45% (SaC) respectively.ConclusionWe suggest the determination of basal SeC or SaC as first-line test. In comparison to the ITT, the HDT has only limited value in screening for alterations of the HPA axis. If the HDT is performed, sampling may be limited to 30 min post-synacthen, using either SeC or SaC. Due to the ease of collection and the independence of binding proteins, SaC may be preferable.

scholarly journals Relationships between Training Load, Salivary Cortisol Responses and Performance during Season Training in Middle and Long Distance Runners

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e106066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández ◽  
Carlos Mª Tejero-González ◽  
Juan del Campo-Vecino
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
And Performance

Modeling between-subject differences and within-subject changes for long distance runners by age

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Matthew Strand ◽  
Daniel Nelson ◽  
Gary Grunwald
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Subject Differences

Abstract A time-varying predictor in a longitudinal model can be separated into between- and within-subject components. This is important if a researcher is specifically interested in differences between subjects or changes within subjects. If no separation is made, then the effect associated with the time-varying predictor is a combination of the between- and within-subject effects. In this article, running race performances are considered as a nonlinear function of age, for which both absolute and relative difference terms are used to separate between- and within-subject components. Longitudinal data were obtained from 12 consecutive years of the 10-km Bolder Boulder for analysis, for the class of competitive recreational runners. Mixed models were used to fit the data after log transforming the nonlinear model. Results of model fits demonstrated that between-subject differences between ages were somewhat similar to within-subject changes, although the latter tended to change somewhat more slowly, especially after the peak racing ages. For example, the between-subject rate of change for 43 year-old runners was about 1% per year on average (increase in race time), while the within-subject change for a runner of the same age averaged between 0.6 and 0.8% per year.

Assessment of Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol in the Childhood of Preterm Infants by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieko Shimada ◽  
Kiyohisa Takahashi ◽  
Masaaki Sasajima ◽  
Masaya Segawa ◽  
Makoto Higurashi
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

scholarly journals Automated Measurements of Salivary Cortisol Levels Within Circadian Rhythms Detect Differences in Exercise-induced Stress Response Between Two Altitude Training Camps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Asuka Nakazawa ◽  
Rika Hasegawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Automated Measurement ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract Background: There are conflicting reports with regard to the superiority of cortisol as a stress marker in high-altitude training due to the influence of the circadian rhythm. This study aimed to determine if the automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentration via sequential sampling could detect the differences in acclimatization and exercise stress between two altitude camps. Methods: A total of 12 elite female long-distance runners living near sea levels were enrolled in this study. For the first camp simulating higher altitude, the runners lived at 1800 m and trained at 1700 m for 7 days. For the second camp simulating lower altitude, they lived at 1550 m and trained at 1300 m for 7 days. Their saliva was sequentially collected on the last 2 days during each camp involving different intensity exercise in the morning and afternoon. The salivary cortisol concentrations were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: The sequential saliva collection and automated measurement were able to detect the basal levels and exercise-induced changes in the salivary cortisol within the runners' circadian rhythms in each altitude camp. Before dinner, the basal salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in the higher-altitude camp. The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentration after the afternoon exercise on day 2 of the higher-altitude camp with higher exercise intensity was significantly higher than that in the lower-altitude camp (p = 0.003). The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentration during the morning exercise on day 2 was significantly higher in the higher-altitude camp than in lower-altitude camp (p = 0.028) despite the same exercise programs and intensities. Conclusions: Measurement of the salivary cortisol levels during the circadian rhythms could detect the differences in acclimatization and exercise stress between two altitude camps. Automated measurements of salivary cortisol concentrations via sequential saliva sampling may be useful for assessing adaptation disorders and excessive exercise stress and also help develop adequate high-altitude training programs for athletes.

scholarly journals Cardiac Function and Muscular Oxygen Desaturation in Sprint and Endurance Cohorts during the Incremental Bicycle Ergometry

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (92) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma Papievienė ◽  
Kristina Poderienė ◽  
Eugenijus Trinkūnas ◽  
Albinas Grūnovas ◽  
Jonas Poderys
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Desaturation ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Bicycle Ergometry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Femoral Muscle ◽  
Performance Abilities

Research background and hypothesis. The objective of this study was to compare the velocity of changes of cardiac output and muscular oxygen desaturation during the graded exercise stress in endurance and sprint cohorts.Research  methods.  The  subjects,  13  long  distance  runners  and  11  sprinters,  underwent  a  50W  increase  in workload every 6 minutes and they exercised till the inability to continue the workout.  The heart rate (HR), cardiac output and oxygen desaturation (StO 2 ) in lateral head of the rectus femoral muscle were registered. Research results. The averaged values of change in cardiac output at each stage of workout were similar for both cohorts. We found statistically significantly higher velocities of changes in StO 2  in the sprint cohort than in the endurance cohort. The lower physical performance abilities are typical of the sprint cohort compared to the endurance cohort but three was no difference between the averaged maximal HR values registered at the end of incremental ergometry. During the exercising with given work rate at stages which became subjectively hard, the StO 2  decreased to the same smallest level. This means that the same type of change and the same smallest degree of StO 2  occurs just before the inability to continue the exercising.  Discussions and conclusions. The endurance cohort features a more extensive slow augmentation and greater peak values of cardiac output compared to the sprint cohort.  The same type of changes and the same degree of muscular oxygen desaturation occur at the point of the inability to continue the exercising, but faster changes in oxygen desaturation in muscular tissue are characteristic of the sprint cohort compared to the sprint cohort.Keywords:  bicycle ergometry, cardiac output, oxygen desaturation.

The correlation of salivary cortisol values with serum cortisol values

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blertina Dyrmishi ◽  
Taulant Olldashi ◽  
Ema Lumi ◽  
Entela Puca ◽  
Emirvina Kolici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Serum Cortisol
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