scholarly journals Competition for FDI with vintage investment and agglomeration advantages: A revisit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushal Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Tax Competition ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Agglomeration Effect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Agglomeration Effects ◽  
First Mover

Abstract We analyze the taxation regimes that may emerge in a two-period dynamic tax competition game where a country that attracts investments during the initial period has agglomeration advantages during the later period. When competing countries choose taxation regimes simultaneously, mixed taxation may arise in an equilibrium where one country adopts a non-preferential and the other adopts a preferential taxation regime. Equilibrium tax revenues of competing countries decrease with the increase in agglomeration effects. Whether a country with a non-preferential or a preferential taxation regime obtains a higher tax revenue depends critically on the extent of agglomeration effects. Moreover, whether a country with a non-preferential or a preferential regime attracts investments during the initial period and in turn will have agglomeration advantages during the later period also depends on the extent of agglomeration effects. When competing countries choose taxation regimes sequentially, a mixed taxation regime arises, and the first mover chooses a non-preferential taxation regime when the agglomeration effect is not very large. On the other hand, when the agglomeration effect is very large, a mixed taxation regime arises where the first mover chooses a preferential and the second mover chooses a non-preferential regime. We provide the complete characterization and proof of the uniqueness of the equilibrium in mixed strategies.JEL classification: F21, H21, H25, H87

scholarly journals DYNAMIC LAFFER CURVES AND POPULATION GROWTH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumaila Waqas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Intertemporal Budget Constraint ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Opposing Effects

This paper extends the model of Ireland (1994) by incorporating population growth in examining the dynamic effects of a tax cut on the government’s intertemporal budget constraint. A tax cut has two opposing effects. First, it increases the growth rate of the economy and, thus, increases the size of the tax base and tax revenues in the future. On the other hand, a reduction in the tax rate leads to a decrease in revenues in the short run. A dynamic Laffer curve effect arises if a decrease in tax revenue can be counter-balanced by a future increase in tax revenue to ensure that the government’s intertemporal budget constraint is not violated. Similarly, population growth has two opposing effects. A high population growth decreases the per capita growth rate of the economy. On the other hand, a larger population represents a larger tax base and, therefore, makes it easier for a government to finance a budget deficit. Relative to the simulation results in Ireland (1994), our simulations indicate that incorporating population growth into his model implies that the dynamic effect of a given tax cut worsens the government’s long-run fiscal outlook.

scholarly journals The impact of the adopted secondinstance tax administratiive acts on the budget of the Republic of Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-148
Author(s):  
Ivan Milojević ◽  
Miloš Miljković
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Tax Payers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Important State ◽  
Public Revenues

The tax administration, as one of the most important state bodies that participates in the process of collecting public revenues, among other functions it performs, also has the authority to adopt tax administrative acts which determine the amount of tax liability that tax-payers are obliged to pay. taxpayers, on the other hand, are constantly looking for a way to avoid paying the determined taxes or to reduce the tax liability as much as possible. In this process, the activities of both parties have an impact on the budget and the amount of tax revenue collected. The paper discusses the tax administration's rights and obligations, specifically those related to the adoption of tax administrative acts, with an emphasis on the second-instance tax procedure as it directly affects the amount of collected revenues. Furthermore, the paper describes the role of taxpayers in the process of adopting tax administrative acts, focusing primarily on the institute of appeal in this procedure. The available data are also presented supporting the conclusions of this article.

scholarly journals Analysis of Defects in Residential Buildings Reported during the Warranty Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6123
Author(s):  
Edyta Plebankiewicz ◽  
Jarosław Malara
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Warranty Period ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
The One ◽  
Warranty Claims ◽  
Electrical Installation

The aim of the article is to present the results of preliminary research of the defects in residential buildings occurring during the warranty period. Due to the small amount of data, the research results cannot be generalized but allow for the formulation of research hypotheses that will be verified in future studies. The data collected included reports of defects in three multifamily residential buildings constructed by the developer in one of the big cities in Poland, which were then examined. For the examination of defects, statistical analysis was used, which revealed that more than half of the reports contained reasonable defects. The results of the preliminary research also indicate that, on the one hand, owners are very active in making warranty claims in the first three months from the date of commissioning, and, on the other hand, with time, the percentage of reasonable defects increases. In terms of the significance of defects, the largest percentage was significant defects. The results showed little activity on the part of property managers in the initial phase of the operation of the buildings, which is the opposite of that of apartment owners. Reports of faults in windows and door joinery, moisture, scratches on walls, and in the area of balconies and terraces are characterized by a relatively low number of cases reported in the first half of the year after the building is commissioned and a gradual increase in the subsequent warranty period. On the other hand, reports related to electrical installation defects are most frequent in the initial period of the warranty, but, with time, their number decreases.

scholarly journals DYNAMIC LAFFER CURVES AND POPULATION GROWTH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumaila Waqas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Intertemporal Budget Constraint ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Opposing Effects

This paper extends the model of Ireland (1994) by incorporating population growth in examining the dynamic effects of a tax cut on the government’s intertemporal budget constraint. A tax cut has two opposing effects. First, it increases the growth rate of the economy and, thus, increases the size of the tax base and tax revenues in the future. On the other hand, a reduction in the tax rate leads to a decrease in revenues in the short run. A dynamic Laffer curve effect arises if a decrease in tax revenue can be counter-balanced by a future increase in tax revenue to ensure that the government’s intertemporal budget constraint is not violated. Similarly, population growth has two opposing effects. A high population growth decreases the per capita growth rate of the economy. On the other hand, a larger population represents a larger tax base and, therefore, makes it easier for a government to finance a budget deficit. Relative to the simulation results in Ireland (1994), our simulations indicate that incorporating population growth into his model implies that the dynamic effect of a given tax cut worsens the government’s long-run fiscal outlook.

scholarly journals Tax Competition and its Consequences for Tax Revenue Structure in Developed Countries: Empirical Evidence Using Panel Cointegration Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1913-1921
Author(s):  
Ján Huňady ◽  
Marta Orviská
Keyword(s):  
Tax Competition ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Revenue Structure ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Causality Tests

The paper examines the long run changes in the tax revenue structure in developed countries. We are particularly focused on the testing of a potential shift from taxation on mobile tax bases to less mobile ones, which could be seen as one of the results of rising tax competition. We assume that a decrease in corporate tax revenues is compensated for by higher tax revenues from taxing work and property. Our dataset consists of panel date from 22 OECD countries within the period 1965 to 2012. We tested the potential causalities within the tax mix using Granger causality tests as well as the DOLS and FMOLS panel cointegration techniques in order to reveal possible long run causalities. As far as we know, these techniques have not before been used in this field. Long-run inverse causalities between corporate tax and personal tax revenue as well as corporate tax revenue and indirect taxes are found. Our results could have several important implications for the tax policies in developed countries.

Struggle for De Facto Standards

2008 ◽  
pp. 147-166
Author(s):  
Toru Higuchi ◽  
Marvin Troutt
Keyword(s):  
Sales Promotion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recording Time ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
First Mover Advantage ◽  
The Face ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
First Mover ◽  
De Facto Standards

In this chapter, we discuss the struggle for the de facto standard based on the Betamax versus VHS case in the late 1970s. In the middle of the 1970s, Sony and JVC introduced Betamax and VHS, both of which satisfied minimum requirements for commercialization. Although Sony had a first mover advantage in the market, JVC and VHS group turned the face about by 1980. The capabilities for the first Betamax and VHS, SL-6300 and HR-3300, were almost equal. The first VHS excelled the first Betamax in the lighter weight, the longer recording time, the compatibility. The consumers preferred HR- 3300 because of the longer maximal recording time to videotape the movies, the baseball games, and the football games. Most videotaped programs by all VHS machines can playback except for a few models. On the other hand, Sony made a disconnection to the first Betamax when they launched Beta II in 1977. In addition, JVC formed the VHS group to catch up with Sony. This group worked effectively to enhance the product capability and the sales promotion.

scholarly journals TAX COMPETITION, POLICY COMPETITION AND THE STRATEGIC USE OF POLICY RESTRICTIONS ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Tax Competition ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Sunk Cost ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tax Holidays ◽  
Period Model

In a dynamic two-period model of tax competition, where competing countries strategically choose foreign investment restrictions which increases the sunk cost of investments, we show that choosing a higher level of restriction is beneficial for the competing countries. A higher level of restriction reduces competition and increases tax revenue in the later period, which allows the government to offer large tax holidays during the initial period of investment. The result is counter-intuitive as it is widely believed that sunk cost reduces foreign direct investments. Moreover, even though competing countries are ex-ante symmetric, the equilibrium choice of the level of restrictions may not be equal.

scholarly journals Tax Competition between Symmetric Countries for Large Asymmetric Investors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushal Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Tax Competition ◽  
Mixed Strategy ◽  
Subgame Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Mobile Capital ◽  
Tax Holiday

Abstract In a dynamic two-period game between two symmetric countries, we show that a unique subgame-perfect equilibrium arises during the initial stage of the game. A mixed taxation regime arises in the equilibrium where one country adopts a non-preferential taxation regime while its competitor adopts a preferential taxation regime. The country with a non-preferential taxation regime earns a higher tax revenue compared to the country with a preferential taxation regime. A tax holiday does not arise during the initial stage of the game when the size of the mobile capital base that enters during the later stage is considerably larger than the size of the mobile capital base that enters the economy during the initial stage. We provide the complete characterization and proof of the uniqueness of the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium.JEL classification: F21, H21, H25, H87

scholarly journals Dynamic Tax Competition, Home Bias and the gain from Non-preferential Taxation Regimes: A case for unilateral commitment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushal Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Tax Competition ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Home Bias ◽  
Subgame Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Period Model

Abstract A country has an incentive to unilaterally commit to a non-preferential taxation regime even though the competitor adopts a preferential taxation regime. We show that a mixed taxation regime arises in a dynamic two-period model of tax competition between two symmetric countries where an investor has home-bias for the country where he/she invests in the initial period. A scenario where competing countries jointly adopt non-preferential taxation regimes is also a subgame-perfect equilibrium. The tax revenue of the country which adopts a preferential taxation regime in a mixed taxation regime is equal to the tax revenue a country receives when competing countries jointly adopt a non-preferential taxation regime.JEL classification: F21; H21; H25; H87

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

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