Maternal Factors Affecting Pregnancy Outcomes in Hypothyroid Women of Pakistan: A Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Center. (MHPO-II)

Abstract Background: Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is known to be associated with adverse outcomes depending on geographical distribution and diagnostic criteria. We analyze the maternal factors affecting pregnancy outcomes in maternal hypothyroidism for the first time in Pakistan.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on pregnant women attending obstetric clinics during the year 2008-2016. We noted maternal factors such as maternal age, gestational age at antenatal visit, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and past obstetric history of miscarriages affecting pregnancy loss or live birth in pregnant hypothyroid women as well as normal healthy pregnant women. Odds ratio was calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Subgroup analysis was carried out to compare women with overt versus subclinical hypothyroidism. All data analysis was performed on Stata version 12.Results: Maternal age, gestational age at antenatal visit, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and past obstetric history of miscarriages were significantly associated with the outcome at the univariate analysis. At multivariable analysis, maternal age, gestational age at the antenatal visit, and past obstetric history of miscarriages were associated with an increased likelihood of pregnancy loss, whereas, gestational diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism were found to be counter-protective. Subgroup analysis revealed no difference between women those with overt versus subclinical hypothyroidism.Conclusion: We report maternal factors such as age, gestational age at the antenatal visit, and past obstetric history of miscarriages as significant factors affecting adverse pregnancy outcomes in hypothyroidism for the first time from Pakistan.

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Study of Risk Factors for Conegnital Heart Defect in a Tertiary Level Hospital

Journal of Dhaka Medical College ◽

10.3329/jdmc.v27i1.38946 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 51-56

Author(s):

Ferdousi Hossain Poly ◽

Syeda Afroza ◽

Hasanur Rahman ◽

Md Imran Hassan

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Heart Defects ◽

Medical College ◽

History Of ◽

The Difference

A congenital heart defect is a heart problem which is present at birth, caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development. In majority of cases there is no known reason for the heart to develop improperly. Some type of congenital heart defects are related to chromosomal abnormality(5-6%), some are to single gene defect(3-5%) or environmental factors(2%). In 85-90% of cases there is no identifiable cause and are generally considered to be caused by multifactorial inheritance. There are some maternal factors which have some role in cardiovascular malformations. These include high maternal age(above 30 years), maternal obesity, consanguinity among the parents, fever during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, ingestion of any teratogenic drug including homeopathy and herbal medicine. Objective of the study: To evaluate the risk factors associated with congenital heart disease. Methodology: A case control study was conducted at paediatric department of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital following approval of the protocol from 1st January 2013 to 30th June 2014. Children fulfilling the inclusion criteria-(0-5 year old children of both sexes admitted in paediatric units of Mitford Hospital with any type of congenital heart disease confirmed by echocardiography) were considered as cases. A similar number of age and sex matched children admitted in Mitford Hospital without any cardiac defect were considered as controls. Data were collected by questionnaire. Results: The results show that majority of the cases are male. Maternal age (27.09 ± 4.63) and BMI (24.10 ± 2.28) both are significantly higher in cases than those of controls. Among the cases 31.8% mothers had consanguineous marriage (p=0.001) and 27.1% mothers had history of fever during pregnancy whereas it was present in 9.3% mothers of controls, the difference is significant statistically (p=0.001). Among the cases 34.6% mothers had history of gestational diabetes mellitus and only 18.9% controls had so and the difference is significant statistically (p=0.014). Conclusion: Relatively old age and more weight during pregnancy, consanguinity between parents, fever during pregnancy, history of gestational diabetes mellitus are the main risk factors of congenital heart defects in children J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 27, No.1, April, 2018, Page 51-56

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Glucose Homeostasis, Fetal Growth and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy after Bariatric Surgery: A Scoping Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9092732 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 2732

Author(s):

Ellen Deleus ◽

Bart Van der Schueren ◽

Roland Devlieger ◽

Matthias Lannoo ◽

Katrien Benhalima

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

True Incidence ◽

History Of ◽

Adverse Pregnancy

Background: Pregnancies in women with a history of bariatric surgery are becoming increasingly prevalent. Surgically induced metabolic changes benefit mother and child, but can also lead to some adverse pregnancy outcomes. Knowledge about glucose homeostasis in these pregnancies could elucidate some of the mechanisms behind these outcomes. This review focusses on glucose homeostasis and birth weight. Methods: We considered papers dealing with glucose homeostasis, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and/or small-for-gestational age infants (SGA) in pregnancies with a history of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB). Results: Since an OGTT is unreliable to diagnose GDM in a pregnancy after bariatric surgery, the true incidence of GDM is unknown. Alternative screening strategies are needed. Furthermore, these pregnancies are marked by frequent hypoglycemic events as well as wide and rapid glycemic excursions, an issue that is very likely underreported. There is a lack of uniformity in reporting key outcomes and a large variation in study design and control population. Conclusion: Alteration of glucose homeostasis in a pregnancy after bariatric surgery should be further studied using unequivocal definition of key concepts. Glycemic control may prove to be a modifiable risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes such as the delivery of an SGA baby.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus - need for universal screening - a clinical study in a tertiary care centre

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20211522 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1973

Author(s):

Kondapuram Veena ◽

Srilakshmi Ambarkar ◽

Srilakshmi Ambarkar

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Universal Screening ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Antenatal Visit ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Glucose Load

Background: To study the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among antenatal mothers and to assess the importance of universal screening to detect gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods: A total of 300 antenatal women irrespective of gestational age were screened for GDM at their antenatal visit during the period of January 2020 to June 2020. All women were screened with 75gm oral glucose load irrespective of last meal followed by blood glucose estimation by glucose oxidase peroxidase method 2 hours following glucose load. A cut-off of 140mg/dl or more were labelled as gestational diabetes mellitus as per DIPSI guidelines.Results: Out of 300 antenatal women tested, 24 women (8%) were positive for gestational diabetes mellitus. During the first, second and third trimesters 12.5%, 33.33% and 54.17% were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus respectively. The number of gestational diabetes mellitus patients for the age groups ≤20 years, 21-25 years, 26-30 years and >30 years are 2 (8.33%), 3 (12.5%), 8 (33.33%) and 11 (45.83%) respectively. The number of pregnant women tested positive for gestational diabetes mellitus with BMI ≤18.5, 18.6-24.9, 25-29.9 and 30-35 are 2 (8.33%), 4(16.67%), 8(33.33%) and 10(41.67%) respectively.Conclusions: Prevalence of GDM in our study is 8%. About 29.16% of GDM did not have any risk factors. This emphasizes the importance of universal screening for GDM of all pregnant women irrespective of gestational age. There is an increased association of GDM with age, BMI, family history and parity according to our study.

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Early postpartum dyslipidemia and its potential predictors during pregnancy in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

10.21203/rs.3.rs-52856/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ling Pei ◽

Huangmeng Xiao ◽

Fenghua Lai ◽

Zeting Li ◽

Zhuyu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Early Postpartum ◽

History Of ◽

Operating Characteristic Curve

Abstract Background: This study aimed to analyze the incidence of early postpartum dyslipidemia and its potential predictors in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods: This was a retrospective study. 589 women diagnosed with GDM were enrolled and followed up at 6–12 weeks after delivery. A 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and lipid levels were performed during mid-trimester and the early postpartum period. Participants were divided into the normal lipid group and dyslipidemia group according to postpartum lipid levels. Demographic and metabolic parameters were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyze the potential predictors for early postpartum dyslipidemia. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was calculated to determine the cut-off values.Results: A total of 38.5% of the 589 women developed dyslipidemia in early postpartum and 60% of them had normal glucose metabolism. Delivery age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were independent predictors of early postpartum dyslipidemia in women with a history of GDM. The cut-offs of maternal age, SBP, HbA1c values, and LDL-C levels were 35 years, 123mmHg, 5.1%, and 3.56 mmol/L, respectively. LDL-C achieved a balanced mix of high sensitivity (63.9%) and specificity (69.2%), with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (0.696). When LDL-C was combined with age, SBP, and HbA1c, the AUC reached to 0.733.Conclusions: A lipid metabolism evaluation should be recommended in women with a history of GDM after delivery, particularly those with a maternal age > 35 years, SBP > 123 mmHg before labor, HbA1c value > 5.1%, or LDL-C levels > 3.56 mmol/L in the second trimester of pregnancy.

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The timing of initiation of pharmacotherapy for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-020-03449-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rachel K. Harrison ◽

Meredith Cruz ◽

Ashley Wong ◽

Caroline Davitt ◽

Anna Palatnik

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Neonatal Outcome ◽

Group 2 ◽

Nicu Admission ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background The decision to initiate pharmacotherapy is integral in the care for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We sought to compare pregnancy outcomes between two threshold percentages of elevated glucose values prior to initiation of pharmacotherapy for GDM. We hypothesized that a lower threshold at pharmacotherapy initiation will be associated with lower rates of adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of women with GDM delivering in a single tertiary care center. Pregnancy outcomes were compared using bivariable and multivariable analyses between women who started pharmacotherapy (insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent) after a failed trial of dietary modifications at two different ranges of elevated capillary blood glucose (CBG) values: Group 1 when 20–39% CBG values were above goal; Group 2 when ≥40% CBG values were above goal. The primary outcome was a composite GDM-associated neonatal adverse outcome that included: macrosomia, large for gestational age (LGA), shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy, respiratory distress syndrome, stillbirth, and neonatal demise. Secondary outcomes included cesarean delivery, preterm birth (< 37 weeks), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and small for gestational age (SGA). Results A total of 417 women were included in the study. In univariable analysis, the composite neonatal outcome was statistically significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (47.9% vs. 31.4%, p = 0.001). In addition, rates of preterm birth (15.7% vs 7.4%, p = 0.011), NICU admission (11.7% vs 4.0%, p = 0.006), and LGA (21.2% vs 9.1% p = 0.001) were higher in Group 2. In contrast, higher rates of SGA were noted in Group 1 (8.0% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.019). There was no difference in cesarean section rates. These findings persisted in multivariable analysis after adjusting for confounding factors (composite neonatal outcome aOR = 0.50, 95%CI [0.31–0.78]). Conclusions Initiation of pharmacotherapy for GDM when 20–39% of CBG values are above goal, compared to ≥40%, was associated with decreased rates of adverse neonatal outcomes attributable to GDM. This was accompanied by higher rates of SGA among women receiving pharmacotherapy at the lower threshold. Additional studies are required to identify the optimal threshold of abnormal CBG values to initiate pharmacotherapy for GDM.

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Early postpartum dyslipidemia and its potential predictors during pregnancy in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

Lipids in Health and Disease ◽

10.1186/s12944-020-01398-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ling Pei ◽

Huangmeng Xiao ◽

Fenghua Lai ◽

Zeting Li ◽

Zhuyu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Early Postpartum ◽

History Of ◽

Operating Characteristic Curve

Abstract Background This study aimed to analyze the incidence of early postpartum dyslipidemia and its potential predictors in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods This was a retrospective study. Five hundred eighty-nine women diagnosed with GDM were enrolled and followed up at 6–12 weeks after delivery. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and lipid levels were performed during mid-trimester and the early postpartum period. Participants were divided into the normal lipid group and dyslipidemia group according to postpartum lipid levels. Demographic and metabolic parameters were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyze the potential predictors for early postpartum dyslipidemia. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was calculated to determine the cut-off values. Results A total of 38.5% of the 589 women developed dyslipidemia in early postpartum and 60% of them had normal glucose metabolism. Delivery age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were independent predictors of early postpartum dyslipidemia in women with a history of GDM. The cut-offs of maternal age, SBP, HbA1c values, and LDL-C levels were 35 years, 123 mmHg, 5.1%, and 3.56 mmol/L, respectively. LDL-C achieved a balanced mix of high sensitivity (63.9%) and specificity (69.2%), with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (0.696). When LDL-C was combined with age, SBP, and HbA1c, the AUC reached to 0.733. Conclusions A lipid metabolism evaluation should be recommended in women with a history of GDM after delivery, particularly those with a maternal age > 35 years, SBP > 123 mmHg before labor, HbA1c value > 5.1%, or LDL-C levels > 3.56 mmol/L in the second trimester of pregnancy.

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Early postpartum dyslipidemia and its potential predictors during pregnancy in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

10.21203/rs.3.rs-52856/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ling Pei ◽

Huangmeng Xiao ◽

Fenghua Lai ◽

Zeting Li ◽

Zhuyu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Early Postpartum ◽

History Of ◽

Operating Characteristic Curve

Abstract Background : This study aimed to analyze the incidence of early postpartum dyslipidemia and its potential predictors in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods : This was a retrospective study. 589 women diagnosed with GDM were enrolled and followed up at 6–12 weeks after delivery. A 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and lipid levels were performed during mid-trimester and the early postpartum period. Participants were divided into the normal lipid group and dyslipidemia group according to postpartum lipid levels. Demographic and metabolic parameters were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyze the potential predictors for early postpartum dyslipidemia. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was calculated to determine the cut-off values. Results: A total of 38.5% of the 589 women developed dyslipidemia in early postpartum and 60% of them had normal glucose metabolism. Delivery age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were independent predictors of early postpartum dyslipidemia in women with a history of GDM. The cut-offs of maternal age, SBP, HbA1c values, and LDL-C levels were 35 years, 123mmHg, 5.1%, and 3.56 mmol/L, respectively. LDL-C achieved a balanced mix of high sensitivity (63.9%) and specificity (69.2%), with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (0.696). When LDL-C was combined with age, SBP, and HbA1c, the AUC reached to 0.733. Conclusions: A lipid metabolism evaluation should be recommended in women with a history of GDM after delivery, particularly those with a maternal age > 35 years, SBP > 123 mmHg before labor, HbA1c value > 5.1%, or LDL-C levels > 3.56 mmol/L in the second trimester of pregnancy.

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Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Its Interaction with Maternal Age in Chinese Urban Women

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2021/5516937 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Xueyin Wang ◽

Xiaosong Zhang ◽

Min Zhou ◽

Juan Juan ◽

Xu Wang

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cesarean Delivery ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Urban Women ◽

Adverse Pregnancy

Background. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been dramatically increasing worldwide. The aims of this study were to examine associations of GDM with pregnancy outcomes in Chinese urban women and to evaluate the interaction between GDM and other major risk factors for the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods. A retrospective analysis included 8844 women who delivered live singletons at ≥28 weeks of gestation between June 2012 and March 2013 among Chinese urban women. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information on demographic characteristics, lifestyle behavior, medical history, and pregnancy outcomes. The diagnosis of GDM was made between 24 and 28 gestational weeks according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of GDM with pregnancy outcomes and to examine the interaction between GDM and other major risk factors including maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index, and gestational weight gain for the risk of pregnancy outcomes. Results. 13.9% of women were diagnosed with GDM. We found that GDM was associated with higher risk of cesarean delivery ( odds ratio OR = 1.69 , 95% CI (confidence interval): 1.48-1.92), preterm birth ( OR = 1.32 , 95% CI: 1.07-1.64), macrosomia ( OR = 1.69 , 95% CI: 1.34-2.13), and large for gestational age (LGA, OR = 1.43 , 95% CI: 1.18-1.73) after adjustment for potential confounders. We also observed the interaction between GDM and maternal age for the risk of cesarean delivery ( P for interaction = 0.025 ), and the OR of GDM for cesarean delivery was 1.71 (95% CI: 1.49-1.97) among women aged less than 35 years. Conclusions. GDM was associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery, preterm birth, macrosomia, and LGA in Chinese urban women, and there was an interaction between GDM and maternal age for the risk of cesarean delivery.

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Assisted conception as a potential prognostic factor predicting insulin therapy in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology ◽

10.1186/s12958-019-0525-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Azam Kouhkan ◽

Hamid Reza Baradaran ◽

Roya Hosseini ◽

Arezoo Arabipoor ◽

Ashraf Moini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Prognostic Factor ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Insulin Therapy ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

History Of

Abstract Background Advanced maternal age, family history of diabetes, pre-gestational obesity, increased level of HbA1c, history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and poor pregnancy consequences are considered risk factors for antenatal insulin requirement in women with GDM. However, the role of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in increasing the risk of insulin therapy in pregnancies complicated with GDM remained elusive. The current study aimed to determine the role of ART in predicting insulin therapy in GDM women and investigate the clinical and biochemical factors predicting the need for insulin therapy in pregnancies complicated with GDM. Methods In this prospective cohort study, 236 Iranian women with GDM were diagnosed by one-step oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between October 2014 and June 2017. They were mainly assigned to two groups; the first group (n = 100) was designated as ART which was further subdivided into two subgroups as follows: 60 participants who received medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and 40 participants who received MNT plus insulin therapy (MNT-IT). The second group (n = 136) was labeled as the spontaneous conception (SC), consisting of 102 participants receiving MNT and 34 participants receiving MNT in combination with IT (MNT-IT). The demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were compared between groups. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to estimate prognostic factors for insulin therapy. Results A higher rate of insulin therapy was observed in the ART group as compared with the SC group (40% vs. 25%; P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that maternal age ≥ 35 years [OR: 2.91, 95% CI: (1.28–6.62)], high serum FBS [1.10: (1.04–1.16)], HbA1c [1.91 (1.09–3.34)], and ART treatment [2.94: (1.24–6.96)] were independent risk factors for insulin therapy in GDM women. Conclusions Apart from risk factors mentioned earlier, ART may be a possible prognostic factor for insulin therapy in pregnancies complicated with GDM.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Primigravidae: a Mild Disease

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove Czech Republic) ◽

10.14712/18059694.2016.12 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 21-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nor Azlin Mohamed Ismail ◽

Norkhatijah Mohd Aris ◽

Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy ◽

Shuhaila Ahmad ◽

Norzilawati Mohd Naim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Family History ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Mild Disease ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

This prospective observational study was done to analyse the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among primigravidae and its outcome. All healthy primigravidae with singleton pregnancies were offered universal glucose tolerance testing between 16 and 28 weeks gestation. GDM and non GDM groups were managed according to hospital protocol. The antenatal features and pregnancy outcomes were analysed. Out of 616 primigravidae, 113 (18.34 %) were GDM with slightly older (27.9 ± 4.2 versus 26.32 ± 3.3, p < 0.001) age. The mean fasting and two hours postprandial blood glucose in both groups were 4.99 ± 1.08 mmol/l, 8.86 ± 1.41 mmol/l(GDM) and 4.36 ± 0.43 mmol/l, 5.71 ± 1.11 mmol/l (Non GDM), respectively. Maternal family history of diabetes mellitus, weight exceeding 80 Kg, polyhydramnios (2.65 % versus 0.2 %, p=0.028) and neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (9.73 % versus 2.98 %, p=0.01) occurred significantly more frequent in the GDM group compared to normal. There was no significant difference in other pregnancy outcomes and complications between the two groups. In conclusion GDM in primigravidae was detected at a relatively young age with more frequent maternal family history of DM, weight exceeding 80 Kg, polyhydromnions and neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. The degree of disease was mild and treatment led to no significant complication.

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