scholarly journals Adolescent Cannabis Users Who Have Never Smoked A Combustible Cigarette: Trends and Level of Addictive Drug Use from 1976 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Miech
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Addictive Drugs ◽  
Nonmedical Use ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Addictive Drug

Abstract Background. Adolescents cannabis users are at a substantially elevated risk for use of highly addictive drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Unknown is whether this elevated risk applies to adolescent cannabis users who have never smoked a combustible cigarette, a group that has grown considerably in size in recent years. This study documents the recent growth in the proportion of adolescent cannabis users who abstain from combustible cigarette use, and examines their probability for use of addictive drugs. Methods. Data are annual, cross-sectional, nationally-representative Monitoring the Future surveys of 607,932 U.S. 12th grade students from 1976-2020. Results. Among ever cannabis users, the percentage who had never smoked a combustible cigarette grew from 11% in 2000 to 58% in 2020. This group had levels of addictive drug use that were 8% higher than their peers. In comparison, adolescents who had ever used cannabis – regardless of whether they had ever smoked a cigarette – had levels of addictive drug use 500% higher than their peers.Conclusions. Adolescent cannabis users who have not smoked a combustible cigarette have much lower levels of addictive drug use than the group of cannabis users as a whole. These results suggest policies and laws aimed at reducing adolescent prevalence of addictive drugs may do better to focus on cigarette use of adolescent cannabis users rather than cannabis use per se.

Recent, national trends in US adolescent use of menthol and non-menthol cigarettes

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056970
Author(s):  
Richard A Miech ◽  
Adam M Leventhal ◽  
Lloyd D Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Black Adolescents ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Floor Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
National Trends

ObjectiveIn light of the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposal to ban menthol cigarettes, this study updates trends in menthol cigarette use among adolescents age 13–18 years up to the year 2020. The study considers a potential role for the ban to reduce black/non-black disparities in menthol cigarette use, as well as a counterargument that a ban is not necessary because menthol use is already diminishing.MethodsData are from annual, cross-sectional, nationally representative Monitoring the Future (MTF) surveys of 85 547 8th, 10th and 12th grade students surveyed between 2012 and 2020. Analyses include trends in past 30-day menthol and non-menthol cigarette smoking among the total adolescent population, as well as stratified by race/ethnicity.ResultsDeclines in adolescent menthol and non-menthol cigarette smoking continued through 2020 so that in 2018–2020 past 30-day prevalence for each was less than 1% for non-Hispanic black adolescents and less than 2.2% for non-black adolescents. For non-Hispanic black adolescents no smoking declines in mentholated or non-mentholated cigarette use from 2015–2017 to 2018–2020 were statistically significant, in part because prevalence levels approached a floor effect and had little room to fall further. Menthol levels were lower for non-Hispanic black versus all other adolescents in all study years.ConclusionsContinuing declines in adolescent menthol prevalence indicate that both menthol prevalence and also black/non-black disparities in its use are steadily decreasing. However, these decreases in adolescence will take decades to reach later ages through generational replacement. Efforts to accelerate menthol decreases will require new initiatives to increase cessation among adult menthol users.

scholarly journals The great decline in adolescent cigarette smoking since 2000: consequences for drug use among US adolescents

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Miech ◽  
Katherine M Keyes ◽  
Patrick M O'Malley ◽  
Lloyd D Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Great Decline ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Never Smokers

ObjectiveAdolescent cigarette smoking declined steadily and substantially from 2000 to 2018. This paper considers the potential consequences of this ‘great decline’ for the prevalence of other drug use among adolescents.MethodsData are annual, cross-sectional, nationally representative Monitoring the Future surveys of more than 1.2 million US students in 12th, 10th and 8th grades from 2000 to 2018. Analyses include trends in the past 12 months’ non-medical amphetamine, tranquillisers and opioid use overall, among ever and never cigarette smokers, and projected if adolescent cigarette smoking levels had remained at 2000 levels.ResultsWithin groups of ever and never cigarette smokers, the prevalence for each of the three substances has either changed little or overall increased in 2018 as compared with 2000. When the two groups were combined into one pool, the overall prevalence for each of the drugs declined by about half. The decline resulted from the growing group of never smokers, whose levels of non-medical drug use over the study period were at least four times lower than the levels of ever smokers.ConclusionsThe results support the ‘gateway’ prediction that declines in cigarette smoking among adolescents pull downward their non-medical use of amphetamines, tranquillisers and opioids. Continuing to reduce adolescent smoking through policy and programmatic prevention efforts should have further positive spillover effects on adolescent drug use.

Prescription Drug and Healthcare Use Among Swedish Patients Treated with Antidepressants

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Al Bingefors ◽  
Dag Gl Isacson ◽  
Lars Von Knorring ◽  
Björn Smedby
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Ambulatory Care ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescription Drug Use

Objective: To analyze healthcare and prescription drug use among patients taking and those not taking antidepressant drugs in a Swedish community. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: General population of the rural Swedish municipality Tierp of approximately 20 000 inhabitants. Participants: All residents of Tierp aged 25 years or older during 1988. Main Outcome Measures: Mean number of ambulatory care visits, hospital bed days, and prescriptions per person; proportion of those taking prescription drugs in different pharmacologic classes. Results: Patients treated with antidepressant drugs had a significantly (p < 0.05) greater use of ambulatory care, hospital care, and prescription drugs than those who did not take antidepressants in the study population. They also had an increased frequency of use of prescription drugs from virtually all pharmacologic classes. Furthermore, the risk for polypharmacy was high in patients treated with antidepressant medications. Conclusions: Those who took antidepressant drugs consumed more health services and prescription drugs than did those not taking an antidepressant. Patients receiving antidepressant treatment may be at serious risk for iatrogenic disease and should be evaluated carefully with respect to concomitant drug use.

scholarly journals ‘At-risk’ individuals’ responses to direct to consumer advertising of prescription drugs: a nationally representative cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. e017865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Khalil Zadeh ◽  
Kirsten Robertson ◽  
James A Green
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drug Advertising ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Self Reported Health Status ◽  
Direct To Consumer Advertising

ObjectivesThe factors determining individuals’ self-reported behavioural responses to direct to consumer advertising of prescription drugs were explored with an emphasis on ‘at-risk’ individuals’ responses.DesignNationally representative cross-sectional survey.SettingCommunity living adults in New Zealand.Participants2057 adults (51% women).Primary outcome measuresSelf-reported behavioural responses to drug advertising (asking a physician for a prescription, asking a physician for more information about an illness, searching the internet for more information regarding an illness and asking a pharmacist for more information about a drug).MethodsMultivariate logistic regressions determined whether participants’ self-reported behavioural responses to drug advertising were predicted by attitudes towards advertising and drug advertising, judgements about safety and effectiveness of advertised drugs, self-reported health status, materialism, online search behaviour as well as demographic variables.ResultsIdentifying as Indian and to a less extent Chinese, Māori and ‘other’ ethnicities were the strongest predictors of one or more self-reported responses (ORs 1.76–5.00, Ps<0.05). Poorer self-reported health status (ORs 0.90–0.94, all Ps<0.05), favourable attitude towards drug advertising (ORs 1.34–1.61, all Ps<0.001) and searching for medical information online (ORs 1.32–2.35, all Ps<0.01) predicted all self-reported behavioural outcomes. Older age (ORs 1.01–1.02, Ps<0.01), less education (OR 0.89, P<0.01), lower income (ORs 0.89–0.91, Ps<0.05) and higher materialism (ORs 1.02–1.03, Ps<0.01) also predicted one or more self-reported responses.ConclusionsTaken together, the findings suggest individuals, especially those who are ‘at-risk’ (ie, with poorer self-reported health status, older, less educated, lower income and ethnic minorities), may be more vulnerable to drug advertising and may make uninformed decisions accordingly. The outcomes raise significant concerns relating to the ethicality of drug advertising and suggest a need for stricter guidelines to ensure that drug advertisements provided by pharmaceutical companies are ethical.

scholarly journals E-Cigarette Use by Smoking Status in Estonia, 2012–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Rainer Reile ◽  
Kersti Pärna
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background: In the context of declining smoking rates in Estonia, this study aims to analyze the recent trends in e-cigarette use and its associations with smoking status and sociodemographic factors. Methods: Nationally representative data from biennial cross-sectional health surveys in 2012–2018 (n = 9988) were used to describe the prevalence of smoking and e-cigarette use by smoking status in Estonia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to describe the sociodemographic patterns of e-cigarette use in three subgroups: the general population, smokers, and ex-smokers. Results: The prevalence of current smoking decreased from 45.4% in 2012 to 31.5% in 2018 among men and from 26.6% to 20.0% among women. At the same time, e-cigarette use in the general population had increased to 3.7% among men and to 1.2% among women. The increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use was statistically significant among men in the general population, smokers, and ex-smokers, but non-significant among women. In addition to period effects, e-cigarette use was patterned by age, gender, and education. Conclusion: In 2002–2018, the e-cigarette use had increased but smoking had decreased in Estonia. A timely and targeted tobacco policy may alleviate the harm of e-cigarette use from the public health perspective.

School Tobacco Control Policies Related to Students’ Smoking and Attitudes Toward Smoking: National Survey Results, 1999-2000

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Revathy Kumar ◽  
Patrick M. O’Malley ◽  
Lloyd D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Policies ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Attitudes Toward Smoking

The belief that schools can play a powerful role in preventing tobacco use among adolescents has led to the implementation of various tobacco-related polices and practices. This study examines the association between school policies regarding monitoring student behavior, severity of action taken for infraction of policies, and tobacco use by staff, and student smoking behavior and attitudes. Data on students’ smoking behavior and attitudes were obtained from the 1999 and 2000 Monitoring the Future surveys of nationally representative samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students. Data on school policies and practices were obtained from administrators in those same schools. Hierarchical analyses using HLM5 were conducted. Strictness of monitoring was significantly negatively associated with daily cigarette use by middle school students. Permitting staff to smoke was significantly positively associated with students’ daily cigarette use and negatively with their disapproval of cigarette use. Policy implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Pattern of Psychoactive Substances Use among Long-Distance Truck Drivers in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Mobolaji Usman Dada ◽  
Adekunle Olatayo Adeoti ◽  
Tobiloba Elebiyo ◽  
Banji Ferdinand ` Kumolalo ◽  
Adedotun Samuel Ajiboye
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Psychoactive Drugs ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aims: This study was designed to examine the pattern of psychoactive drugs use among long-distance truck drivers in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria. Study Design: This was a descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration: The study was conducted at the converging motor park for truck drivers in Ado-Ekiti, south-west Nigeria between September and December 2019. Methods: The pattern of psychoactive drugs use among 306 adult male truck drivers was determined using a semi-structured questionnaire in addition to a sociodemographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed and logistic regression was used to identify significant predictors of illicit drug use. Results: Among the 306 study participants, 43.7% consumed alcohol.  The major non-prescription drugs used by the truck drivers were cough syrups (67.0%); analgesics (49.3%); cannabis (39.9%); amphetamine/methamphetamine (33.0%) and tranquilizers (32.0%). Opioid analgesics like tramadol (35.1%) and morphine (22.3%) were the commonly used analgesics. The predictor of psychoactive drugs use among the long-distance truck drivers is the co-use of alcohol and tobacco (AOR (1.71) 95% CI (1.24–2.36%). Conclusion: There is a high rate of psychoactive drugs use among truck drivers. There is an urgent need to educate the truck drivers on the adverse implications of illicit drug use and the need to abstain for better health promotion.

Prescription Opioids in Adolescence and Future Opioid Misuse

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Richard Miech ◽  
Lloyd Johnston ◽  
Patrick M. O’Malley ◽  
Katherine M. Keyes ◽  
Kennon Heard
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Legitimate opioid use is associated with an increased risk of long-term opioid use and possibly misuse in adults. The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of future opioid misuse among adolescents who have not yet graduated from high school. METHODS Prospective, panel data come from the Monitoring the Future study. The analysis uses a nationally representative sample of 6220 individuals surveyed in school in 12th grade and then followed up through age 23. Analyses are stratified by predicted future opioid misuse as measured in 12th grade on the basis of known risk factors. The main outcome is nonmedical use of a prescription opioid at ages 19 to 23. Predictors include use of a legitimate prescription by 12th grade, as well as baseline history of drug use and baseline attitudes toward illegal drug use. RESULTS Legitimate opioid use before high school graduation is independently associated with a 33% increase in the risk of future opioid misuse after high school. This association is concentrated among individuals who have little to no history of drug use and, as well, strong disapproval of illegal drug use at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Use of prescribed opioids before the 12th grade is independently associated with future opioid misuse among patients with little drug experience and who disapprove of illegal drug use. Clinic-based education and prevention efforts have substantial potential to reduce future opioid misuse among these individuals, who begin opioid use with strong attitudes against illegal drug use.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Flavored e-Cigarette Use Among Subpopulations of Adults in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M Leventhal ◽  
Hongying Dai
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Never Smokers

Abstract Background Evidence of US adult flavored e-cigarette use prevalence stratified by age, smoking status, and purpose for vaping (ie, quitting smoking, to use when or where smoking is not allowed) can inform policies that reduce the tobacco-related cancer burden. Methods Current flavored e-cigarette use (use 1 or more nontobacco flavors) prevalence estimates were compared across subpopulation groups using 2-sided statistical significance tests in the July 2018 Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement, a nationally representative cross-sectional adult survey (n = 46 759). Results Current flavored e-cigarette use was reported by 1.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.47% to 1.69%) of all respondents. Among current vapers, the percentage of those who used flavored e-cigarettes was higher for adults aged 18-24 years (89.6%), 25-34 years (86.7%), and 35-44 years (76.0%) than for adults aged 45 years and older (60.4%, Ps &lt; .001); was higher in never smokers (89.8%) than current (72.9%), long-term former (73.9%), and recent former (80.4%) smokers (Ps ≤ .009); was higher in smokers who reportedly did (78.9%) vs did not (71.1%) use e-cigarettes to vape where or when smoking is not allowed (P = .005); and did not differ between smokers who reportedly did (75.0%) vs did not (73.9%) vape to quit smoking (P = .71). Individuals who vaped to quit smoking and currently used flavored e-cigarettes constituted 0.9% (95% CI = 0.82% to 0.99%) of all adults (weighted N = 2 251 000, 95% CI = 2 046 000 to 2 476 000) and 57.2% of current flavored e-cigarette users. Conclusions Flavored e-cigarette use prevalence was low among US adults overall but common for current vapers. Flavored e-cigarette use was disproportionately prevalent among never smokers and other subpopulations that might experience harm from vaping.

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