Potential long-term consequences of school closures: Lessons from the 2013-2016 Ebola pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
School Closures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sustainable Planning ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
To Come

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented shutdown of society. Nearly 1.725 billion children across the globe have been affected as over 95% of countries closed schools as the virus spread in April 2020. Much attention has been given to school closures as non-pharmaceutical mitigation tools to stem the spread of the disease through ensuring social distancing. Within education, focus has been given to keep students connected through remote learning and the immediate needs of schools upon reopening. This study takes a longer-term view. Using Demographic Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from before and after the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone, this study examines changes in enrolment and dropout patterns, with targeted consideration given to traditionally marginalized groups. With schools closed for seven and nine months in the two countries, the length and intensity of the Ebola pandemic is the only health crises in the past century to come close to the school closures being experienced in 2020. Findings suggest that youth in the poorest households see the largest increase in dropout rates post-Ebola and that this impact can persist for years. Two years after being declared Ebola-free an additional 22,000 of the poorest secondary age youth remained out of school than would have been expected based on the pre-outbreak dropout rate. To halt the likely expansion in inequality post-pandemic, these results point to the need for longer term, sustainable planning that includes comprehensive financial support packages to groups most likely to be impacted.

scholarly journals Consequences of school closure on access to education: Lessons from the 2013–2016 Ebola pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
School Closure ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Marginalised Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sustainable Planning ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
To Come

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented shutdown of society. Among the various safety measures taken, much attention has been given to school closure as a non-pharmaceutical mitigation tool to curb the spread of the disease through ensuring “social” (physical) distancing. Nearly 1.725 billion children in over 95% of countries worldwide have been affected by school closures implemented in April 2020 as the virus continued to spread. In the field of education, policymakers’ attention has been directed at keeping students on board through remote learning and addressing the immediate needs of schools upon reopening. The study presented in this article focuses on who remains absent after schools resume. Using publicly available survey data from the USAID Demographic Health Surveys Program and the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey from before and after the 2013–2016 Ebola pandemic in Guinea and Sierra Leone in West Africa, the author examined changes in school enrolment and dropout patterns, with targeted consideration given to traditionally marginalised groups. At the time, schools closed for between seven to nine months in the two countries; this length and intensity makes this Ebola pandemic the only health crisis in the recent past to come close to the pandemic-related school closures experienced in 2020. The author’s findings suggest that post-Ebola, youth in the poorest households saw the largest increase in school dropout. Exceeding expected pre-Ebola dropout rates, an additional 17,400 of the poorest secondary-age youth were out of school. This evidence is important for minimising the likely post-COVID-19 expansion in inequality. The author’s findings point to the need for sustainable planning that looks beyond the reopening of educational institutions to include comprehensive financial support packages for groups most likely to be affected.

scholarly journals Trends and Developments in Bioinformatics in 2010: Prospects and Perspectives

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
A. V. Alekseyenko ◽  
Y. Aphinyanaphongs ◽  
S. Brown ◽  
D. Fenyo ◽  
L. Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
To Come ◽  
Generation Sequencing

SummaryTo survey major developments and trends in the field of Bioinformatics in 2010 and their relationships to those of previous years, with emphasis on long-term trends, on best practices, on quality of the science of informatics, and on quality of science as a function of informatics.A critical review of articles in the literature of Bioinformatics over the past year.Our main results suggest that Bioinformatics continues to be a major catalyst for progress in Biology and Translational Medicine, as a consequence of new assaying technologies, most predominantly Next Generation Sequencing, which are changing the landscape of modern biological and medical research. These assays critically depend on bioinformatics and have led to quick growth of corresponding informatics methods development. Clinical-grade molecular signatures are proliferating at a rapid rate. However, a highly publicized incident at a prominent university showed that deficiencies in informatics methods can lead to catastrophic consequences for important scientific projects. Developing evidence-driven protocols and best practices is greatly needed given how serious are the implications for the quality of translational and basic science.Several exciting new methods have appeared over the past 18 months, that open new roads for progress in bioinformatics methods and their impact in biomedicine. At the same time, the range of open problems of great significance is extensive, ensuring the vitality of the field for many years to come.

Assessing the Political Environment for Business: A New Role for Political Scientists?

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph LaPalombara
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Political Risk ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Corporate Managers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Events ◽  
To Come

Political scientists are only now, and dimly, beginning to recognize that something called “political risk analysis” (PRA) is very much in vogue in the corporate and banking communities of this country. Any attempt to assess this uncommon development should begin with this question: Why would any banker or corporate manager wish to spend hard cash on anything political scientists might have to say about places overseas where banks and multinational corporations lend or invest their capital? After all, the profession is not exactly distinguished by its ability to make accurate forecasts. Indeed, Sartori has argued that political scientists ought to eschew forecasting entirely in that they are best able to explain what happened as opposed to what may come to pass.Sartori's assertion of course would make historians of us all—and burden us with the historian's smug claim that, if the history examined is too recent, the immediacy of events will distort our vision and bias our judgments. Thus, rather than try to foretell where, say, Germany will move politically next year we should expend (more!) of our resources to establish once and for all what really caused Weimar to collapse and Hitler to come to power.This is not the stuff of political risk analysis. Growing interest in this activity is little based on broad analyses of the past or on long-term forecasts of future events. The potential consumers of political assessments are intelligent, harried bankers and corporate managers who are pressed to make relatively short-term decisions that affect the viability of enterprise and investment-and, equally important, careers-in professions where tenure is unknown.

scholarly journals Labour force participation in New Zealand: Tecent trends, future scenarios and the impact on economic growth.

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Paterson ◽  
Simon Brown
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
The Past ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines labour force participation trends in New Zealand, how we compare to the rest of the OECD and how participation and economic growth might be affected in the future by population ageing. Participation has risen significantly over the past 20 years despite an increase in the average age of the working­age population. We have looked at how participation has changed by age, gender and ethnicity. By contrast, average hours worked has declined over the past 20 years and we consider the reasons for that. Population ageing means the recent growth seen in labour force participation is likely to come to an end, with the participation rate projected to decline over the medium term. Falling participation will have a dampening effect on economic growth. We have investigated the impact of declining participation on gross domestic product using official labour force projections and identified a range of scenarios for what participation might look like in the year 2029. In each scenario, we discuss the impact on economic growth. Most other OECD countries are in a similar situation to us with respect to population ageing. We have looked at the latest Australian projections for economic growth in the long term and the increased growth in New Zealand’s productivity that would be necessary to begin to close the gap on Australia.

scholarly journals EMPIRICAL STUDY ON ALTERNATIVES FOR SAVING AND INVESTING IN THE POSTPANDEMIC PERIOD. CASE STUDY: ROMANIA

2021 ◽  
Vol S.I. (2) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Alexandru Mihai Alexandru Mihai ◽  
◽  
Ruxandra DINULESCU ◽  
Florin PUCHEANU ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trading Market ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Double Approach ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
The Impact

This paper develops investigations in the field of saving and investing techniques related to the impact of the COVID19 pandemic on the Romanian trading market. The study focuses particularly on the alternatives for accumulation of money capital which can lead to a positive long-term return. The research aims to investigate the available current services and opportunities in the Romanian investment market and their returns after the pandemic. Towards this objective, the study presents the past returns for several products and the users potential risks. Furthermore, an investigation is conducted based on the latest statistics whereas different variants of portfolios are presented. Unlike most of the previous studies, this analysis has a double approach: evaluating viable alternatives depending on several characteristics and simultaneously developing a long-term potential strategy that could be used to ensure the financial future of an individual in the period of the outbreak of the COVID19 pandemic. This contribution provides an initial analysis of the saving and investing market of Romania before and after the pandemic.

scholarly journals Betting on Canada: the immigration trajectories of Mexican professionals as international students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Iveth Suarez Zamora
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
To Come ◽  
Inclusive Society ◽  
Push Factor

Canada has positioned itself as a destination for thousands of international students from all over the world. Arguably, by offering a relatively affordable education, and an inclusive society. Over the past two decades, the number of international students to Canada has not just increased, but also become more diverse by places of birth, age, marital status, education, and prior occupation. Even though many international students come to Canada when they are single young adults, some arrive with their families leaving behind professional careers back home. Using a qualitative approach, this research explores the motivations that prompt Mexican professionals to come to Canada as international students with their families. The research findings demonstrate that high levels of insecurity in Mexico was the number one push factor that motivated participants to make the decision to immigrate. Furthermore, for many this represents a significant financial investment that can require sacrifices both before and after immigrating. Key words: Mexico; international students; insecurity; immigration; professionals

scholarly journals Role of Individual Academics and International Universities in Health Research in Nepal

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-81
Author(s):  
P Simkhada ◽  
E Van Teijlingen
Keyword(s):  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
To Come ◽  
Changes Over Time

Nepal has made progress in health sciences and medical education over the past decade. We believe that there is a need in Nepal for a greater research emphasis on mixed-methods approaches, qualitative research, critical appraisal & systematic reviewing and health economics. Specifically to the discipline of epidemiology, Nepal should consider establishing more and better epidemiological studies, the kind of population-based studies that can identify risk factors, track changes over time at a population level over the decades to come.  We know how important such long-term research is but we are also painfully aware how expensive this kind on long-term research can be.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v2i2.6572 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2012;2(2):179-81 

Thorny way of strategic planning in modern Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
MIKHAIL E. DMITRIEV ◽  
◽  
VALERY B. KRAPIL ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Planning System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
To Come ◽  
Further Development

The article considers strategic planning practices in Russia since the transition to market economy. The authors assess the outcomes of federal strategies and the possible causes of their incomplete implementation. The study reviews the development of legislation on strategic planning and the problems and contradictions associated with the implementation of the laws, including the subfederal level. The course of development of the project format of strategic documents (national projects, etc.) and the reasons that led to the strengthening of its role, despite the lack of legislative registration, are also presented. Based on the results of the review, a characteristic is given of the current state of the strategic planning system, which is assessed as unstable and transitional, and possible directions for its further development are noted. The interest in strategic planning over the past three decades has been generated by objective long-term challenges. They are largely due to the need to take into account long-term trends in demographic, technological, environmental, climatic, spatial, infrastructural, geopolitical and other areas where there are problems and tasks that can only be solved by coordinated planning of actions for many years to come.

A third theory: inventive negotiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-710
Author(s):  
John L. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
American Business ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Integrative Bargaining ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group Diversity ◽  
Commercial Relationships

Purpose This paper aims to offer a new theory of “inventive negotiation” as a useful alternative to the outdated thinking of the past century. Design/methodology/approach The literature is reviewed, and a series of stories is used to bolster a new understanding. Findings The paper is a critique of the theory of integrative bargaining, arguing that it often limits the creative processes that produce long-term relationships with customers. This paper introduces a third theory of negotiation, something the author calls inventive negotiation. Originality/value The primary lesson of negotiation courses in American business and law schools suggests a narrow focus on reaching agreements while paying little attention to implementation and the paramount importance of maintaining ongoing commercial relationships. This paper introduces a third theory of negotiation, something the authors call inventive negotiation. It places emphasis on long-term, trusting commercial relationships as the key outcome of negotiation. The theory also posits negotiation as a creative process wherein innovations processes can play a central role. For example, both group diversity and facilitators can aid in producing creative agreements along the way toward mutually profitable business relationships.

A Single Institutions First 100 Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Anti-Reflux Fundoplications: Where are They 20 Years Later?

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 791-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin D. Sadowitz ◽  
Kenneth Luberice ◽  
Ty A. Bowman ◽  
Alexandra M. Viso ◽  
Daniel E. Ayala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Fundoplication ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
High Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Acid Therapy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Symptom Frequency ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Although anti-reflux surgery has been used liberally over the past decades for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), few studies report follow-up after 10 years. This study was undertaken to report follow-up on 100 consecutive GERD patients up to 22 years after utilizing a laparoscopic fundoplication. Hundred consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication for GERD were prospectively followed beginning in 1992. The frequency and severity of symptoms before and after laparoscopic fundoplication were scored on a Likert scale (1 = never/none to 10 = always/very bothersome). Median data are reported. Of the 100 patients who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication for their GERD, nine were reoperations. Twenty-six patients are deceased on average 11 years after their fundoplications. Seventy-four patients are alive, with 27 patients, actively followed for 19 years after their fundoplications. At most recent follow-up, patients experienced long-term amelioration of symptom frequency and severity after fundoplication (e.g., heartburn frequency = 8–2, severity = 8–1; P < 0.01 for each). Eighty-four per cent of patients rated their symptom frequency as less than once per month. Eighty-eight per cent of patients were satisfied with their postoperative results, and 95 per cent of patients confirmed they would have the operation again knowing what they know now. Long-term follow-up documents high patient satisfaction and durable symptomatic relief up to two decades after laparoscopic fundoplication for GERD. Patients should seek this operation not only for symptomatic relief, but to mitigate the deleterious effects of long-term acid exposure and anti-acid therapy.

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