scholarly journals The weight gain influence of pregnant women under different clinical conditions on weight at the birth of newborns.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Dornelles Machado Mariot ◽  
Daniela Cortés Kretzer ◽  
Isadora Musse Nunes ◽  
Marcelo Zubaran Goldani ◽  
Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
And Control

Abstract BACKGROUND: This study evaluate the influence of weight gain of pregnant women under different clinical conditions (Tobacco, Diabetes mellitus (DM), Hypertension, Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and Control) on the birth weight of newborns. METHODS: This is an observational, longitudinal study nested in a prospective controlled cohort and conducted from 2011 to 2016 in three hospitals in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). Sociodemographic, prenatal (maternal gestational weight gain, among others) and perinatal (birth weight) data from 372 mother-child pairs were analyzed. Pearson's correlation was used to verify the relationship between gestational weight gain and birth weight. Multivariate regression was performed to determine the association between maternal weight gain in the presence of various health conditions and birth weight. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in gestational weight gain in different health condition groups (p=0.092). However, women in the Hypertension group had a tendency to gain more weight (p = 0.097). Mothers in the intrauterine growth restriction group gained less weight. A positive correlation was observed between gestational weight gain and birth weight in the Tobacco (p = 0.003) and Control (p =0.001) groups, which remained positive only in the Control group after adjustment (p<0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Only weight gain in pregnant women without clinical changes during pregnancy seemed to influence the weight of the newborn. It is assumed that other factors, such as metabolic or nutritional, present among smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive or with intrauterine growth restriction pregnant women have different modulations on the intrauterine environment and, therefore, exert a different influence on fetal growth.

Placental expression of the obesity-associated gene FTO is reduced by fetal growth restriction but not by macrosomia in rats and humans

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mayeur ◽  
O. Cisse ◽  
A. Gabory ◽  
S. Barbaux ◽  
D. Vaiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Placental Villi ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Genetic variants in the FTO (fat mass- and obesity-associated) gene have the highest association of all obesity-associated genes. Its placental expression was shown to relate to birth weight, suggesting that it may participate in the control of fetal weight gain. To gain more insight into the implication of FTO in fetal growth, we measured its placental expression in samples including extremes of abnormal fetal growth, such as after intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or macrosomia in both rats and humans. In rats, fetal growth was modulated by maternal nutritional modifications. In humans, placental villi were collected from pathological pregnancies (i.e. with IUGR or fetal macrosomia). Placental FTO mRNA expression was reduced by IUGR but was not significantly affected by macrosomia in either rats or humans. Our data suggest that placental FTO may participate in interactions between the in utero environment and the control of fetal growth under IUGR conditions by modulating epigenetic processes.

scholarly journals Gestational Weight Gain among Healthy Pregnant Women from Asia in Comparison with Institute of Medicine (IOM) Guidelines-2009: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Arora ◽  
Bani Tamber Aeri
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Gestational Weight

In 1990, Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended gestational weight gain (GWG) ranges for women in the United States primarily to improve infant birth weight. Changes in key aspects of reproductive health of women of child bearing age, a rising prevalence of obesity, and noncommunicable diseases prompted the revision of IOM guidelines in 2009. However, there is no such recommendation available for Asian women. This systematic review assesses the utility of IOM-2009 guidelines among Indian and other Asian pregnant women in terms of maternal and fetal outcomes. 624 citations were identified using PubMed and Google Scholar, out of which 13 were included. Prospective/retrospective studies of healthy Asian women with a singleton pregnancy which specifically examined fetal-maternal outcomes relative to IOM-2009 guidelines were included. Results. Majority of pregnant Indian women achieved less GWG than the recommendations whereas a mixed trend was noticed among the other Asian pregnant women. The most common fetal-maternal complications among the excessive GWG women were found to be macrosomia, large for gestational age and caesarean section followed by gestational diabetes and hypertension, whereas low birth weight, small for gestational age and preterm birth, was found to be associated with low GWG women. The findings highlight the need for appropriate GWG limits across the different body mass index levels specifically for Indians and other Asian population. However, there are not enough publications regarding the utility of IOM-2009 guidelines among the Indian and other Asian women. Thus, higher-quality researches are warranted in future to further validate the findings of the present review.

scholarly journals Dietary Macronutrient Composition and Gestational Weight Gain Among Pregnant Women During the Second Trimester (P08-018-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiley Vander Wyst ◽  
Matthew Buman ◽  
Gabriel Shaibi ◽  
Megan Petrov ◽  
Elizabeth Reifsnider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
And Control ◽  
Early Late

Abstract Objectives Higher energy intake has been associated with increased gestational weight gain (GWG). However, the effects that individual macronutrients have on GWG remain unclear. We examined the putative mediating effect of macronutrient composition on GWG after an intervention aimed to track prenatal energy needs. Methods In this controlled trial, pregnant women aged >18 yr old (X = 29.8 ± 4.9 yr) with a gestational age (GA) <17 wk were randomized to Breezing™ (N = 16) or control (N = 12) groups for 13 wk. The Breezing™ group used a real-time metabolism tracker to obtain their resting energy expenditure. Anthropometrics and diet data were collected every 2 weeks. Overall rate of GWG was calculated as total weight gain divided by total study weeks. Early (GA wk 14–21), late (GA wk 21–28), and overall (GA wk 14–28) changes in macronutrients and GWG were calculated. Simple mediation models were constructed using SPSS PROCESS macro Model 4 using a bootstrap estimation approach with 5000 samples. Results There was no difference in total (8.13 vs. 7.17 kg, P = 0.37) or rate (0.58 vs. 0.53 kg/wk, P = 0.57) of GWG among Breezing or control groups. Breezing women gained significantly more [F(1,24) = 5.29, P = 0.03] and had a higher rate of GWG [F(1,24) = 4.48, P = 0.05] in the latter half of the 2nd trimester. Women gained more than the recommended GWG based on study start BMI. Early, late, and overall total energy (kcal/d), fat (g/d), and carbohydrate (g/d) intakes were not different between groups. Late changes in protein significantly differed [–15.62 vs. 24.86 g/d, t(26) = –2.92, P < 0.01] among Breezing and control groups, which explained 25% of the variance. A difference in overall change in protein intake between the Breezing and control groups (–0.94 vs. 21.77 g/d) approached significance [t(26) = 1.77, P = 0.08]. There was no mediation effect of early, late, or overall changes in macronutrients on GWG. Overall, a trend emerged, that for each one gram increase in protein, there was a decrease in total GWG of 0.02 kg [β = –0.02, t(26) = –1.75, P = 0.09] in the late half of the 2nd trimester. Conclusions Macronutrient composition did not mediate the intervention effect probably due to the study being underpowered to detect mediation. However, use of the Breezing device significantly predicted late changes in protein intake, suggesting that variability in maternal protein intake may influence GWG. Funding Sources Project HoneyBee, Arizona State University.

scholarly journals Blood Ferritin Levels in Pregnant Women and Prediction of the Development of Fetal Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Nemanja Višnjevac ◽  
Ljiljana Segedi ◽  
Aleksandar Ćurčić ◽  
Jovana Višnjevac ◽  
Dragan Stajić
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Ferritin Level ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

Blood Ferritin Levels in Pregnant Women and Prediction of the Development of Fetal Intrauterine Growth RestrictionIntrauterine growth restriction is one of the leading causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Prediction of intrauterine growth restriction is one of the priority tasks of perinatal protection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of serum ferritin in pregnant women, which could point to a group of patients in whom possible development of fetal growth restriction could have been expected. In this investigation, we conducted a prospective study of healthy pregnant women between 30 and 32 gestational weeks, who were estimated for ferritin values. Newborn infants of low birth weight for gestational age were recorded in 8.1%. Anemia was not present in any of the patients who delivered low birth weight babies. Ferritin serum levels in mothers of the babies with low birth weight were on average 6.42 μg/L higher than in the mothers with appropriate for gestational age babies (p<0.005). ROC analysis of newborn infants birth weight and maternal blood ferritin levels showed that blood ferritin level had good predictive value. In case the recorded maternal blood ferritin values are above 13.6 μg/L, we can assume with the sensitivity of 64.7% and specificity of 91.7%, that the pregnant woman will develop a condition of intrauterine growth restriction. The missing decrease of ferritin values, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit in the blood of healthy pregnant women between 30 and 32 gestational weeks, can with high probability point to the development of fetal intrauterine growth restriction.

scholarly journals Association of Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain with Preterm Delivery in Pregnant Women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavya Baxi ◽  
Jigna Shah
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Caesarean Delivery ◽  
Junk Food ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

The perinatal mortality rate, which is one of the important adverse pregnancy outcome and includes stillbirths and infant death within first week of life is estimated to be nearly 40 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies in Gujarat. Also the infant mortality rates have been estimated to be 50 deaths before age of one year per 1,000 pregnancies. It is stated that children whose mothers are illiterate or belong to low socio-economic class have two and half times more chances to die within 1 year of their birth compared to those whose mothers have completed atleast 10 years of education or belong to high socio-economic class. There are nearly 13% of women who does not receive proper antenatal care and facility during pregnancy. In India, there are nearly half of the women (52%) who possess normal BMI range: rest are either underweight or overweight. Approximately 55% of the women of total population in India are anaemic. These maternal parameters directly affect the children causing 48% of the children to be malnourished and 43% to be underweight. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the association of pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) as well as Gestational Weight Gain (GWG) with diverse pregnancy outcomes such as gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension and also with preterm delivery, caesarean delivery, etc. The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence, GWG, various pregnancy outcomes of underweight, overweight or obese pregnant women, and to explore the relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI as well as gestational weight gain during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This is a prospective, multi-centric study involving pregnant women with gestation week ≤20 weeks in Ahmedabad in Gujarat region. Our study observed that out of 226 women enrolled, 44 women (19.47%) were underweight, 137 women (60.62%) were normal, 30 women (13.27%) were overweight and 15 women (6.64%) were obese. The incidence of caesarean delivery (56.92%) was found more in nuclear family as compared to joint family (46.92%). It was found that in women taking no junk food at all, the chances of LBW were 16.39%, which was less as compared to mothers who had junk food. It was also observed that amongst women taking 1 glass milk daily (42.92%), about 55.67% of had normal type of delivery. Amongst women taking 1 fruit daily (57.52%), 53% women had normal delivery. Present study spotted decrease in risk of caesarean delivery with increase in maternal haemoglobin level from 9.0 gm/dl till 12.0 gm/dl. Average weight gain observed in underweight was 12.93 ± 1.90, in normal 12.32 ± 1.71, in overweight 10.23 ± 1.28 and in obese 9.6 ± 1.50. A negative correlation was found between GWG and pre-pregnancy BMI, i.e. as pre-pregnancy BMI increase, the GWG decrease. The incidence of pre-term delivery (9.49%) was much less in normal BMI range. The average infant birth weight observed in underweight women was 2.63 ± 0.47, in normal was 2.9 ± 0.49, in overweight was 2.92 ± 0.56 and in obese was 2.95 ± 0.86. It is observed that highest birth weight is obtained in obese women, which decreases as the maternal BMI range decreases. The incidence of LBW in normal and overweight women was 15.33 and 16.67%, which was low as compared to obese and underweight women. Our study reveals that parameters such as GWG, type of family, intake of milk, fruits and junk food, haemoglobin concentration directly affects the pregnancy outcomes such as term of delivery, type of delivery and infant birth weight.

The association of dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load with gestational weight gain and newborn birth weight

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (7) ◽  
pp. 818-825
Author(s):  
Caroline de Barros Gomes ◽  
Maíra Barreto Malta ◽  
José Leopoldo Ferreira Antunes ◽  
Caroline de Oliveira Gallo ◽  
Maria Helena D’Aquino Benício ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDiet during pregnancy is related to several maternal and infant health outcomes; however, the relationship between maternal dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) and gestational weight gain (GWG) or newborn birth weight is controversial. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between maternal dietary GI and GL and GWG and birth weight. A cohort of adult pregnant women with usual obstetric risk was followed in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Two 24-h dietary recalls were collected in each gestational trimester (<14, 24–27, 31–34 weeks), one in person and the other by telephone. GI and GL were determined using the software Nutrition Data System for Research. GWG was obtained from medical records and evaluated as the weekly GWG between the second and third gestational trimesters. Newborn birth weight z-score in relation to gestational age was evaluated according to Intergrowth-21st Project recommendations. A multiple linear regression model, adjusted for potential confounders, showed a one-point increase in the GI resulted in a mean decrease of 12·9 (95 % CI –21·48, –4·24) g in weekly GWG; GL was not associated with this outcome. The birth weight z-score was not associated with GI (P = 0·763) or GL (P = 0·317). In conclusion, in a cohort of pregnant women considered at usual risk for obstetric complications, maternal dietary GI was negatively associated with weekly GWG in the second and third gestational trimesters. No association was observed between GL and GWG, and neither GI nor GL was associated with birth weight z-score.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneloes E. Ruifrok ◽  
Ellen Althuizen ◽  
Nicolette Oostdam ◽  
Willem van Mechelen ◽  
Ben Willem Mol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Objective. To evaluate the relationship of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour with gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth weight.Design. Combined data from two prospective studies: (1) nulliparous pregnant women without BMI restrictions and (2) overweight and obese pregnant women at risk for gestational diabetes.Methods. Daily PA and sedentary behaviour were measured with an accelerometer around 15 and at 32–35 weeks of gestation. The association between time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and in sedentary activities with GWG and birth weight was determined. Main outcome measures were GWG between 15 and 32 weeks of gestation, average GWG per week, and birth weight.Results. We studied 111 women. Early in pregnancy, 32% of women spent ≥30 minutes/day in at least moderate PA versus 12% in late pregnancy. No significant associations were found between time spent in MVPA or sedentary behaviour with GWG or birth weight.Conclusions.We found no relation between MVPA and sedentary behaviour with GWG or birth weight. The small percentage of women meeting the recommended levels of PA indicates the need to inform and support pregnant women to maintain regular PA, as there seems to be no adverse effect on birth weight and maintaining PA increases overall health.

scholarly journals Maternal nutritional adequacy and gestational weight gain and their associations with birth outcomes among Vietnamese women

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nga Thuy Tran ◽  
Lam Thi Nguyen ◽  
Yatin Berde ◽  
Yen Ling Low ◽  
Siew Ling Tey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Vietnamese Women

Abstract Background During pregnancy, a mother’s nutritional needs increase to meet the added nutrient demands for fetal growth and development. An enhanced understanding of adequate nutrition and sufficient weight gain during pregnancy can guide development of policies and strategies for maternal nutrition care, actions that will ultimately promote better pregnancy outcomes. In a sample of pregnant women in Vietnam, this study characterized maternal nutrition status and gestational weight gain at a mid-pregnancy baseline, then examined the association of these variables with specific birth outcomes. Methods The study used baseline data from a randomized, controlled trial that compared pregnant Vietnamese women who received a nutritional intervention group with those who received only standard dietary counseling (control group). At baseline (26–29 weeks gestation), mothers’ dietary reports were collected, and intake of 10 macro- and micronutrients was estimated; data for baseline gestational weight gain was collected for all pregnant women enrolled into the study (n = 228). This analysis also used weights, lengths, and head circumferences at birth for infants of mothers in the control group. Results At baseline, 95% of the pregnant women had concurrent inadequacies for more than five nutrients, and nearly half had concurrent inadequacies for more than ten nutrients. Almost two-thirds of the pregnant women did not meet recommendations for gestational weight gain. We found a significant, inverse association between the number of nutrient inadequacies and gestational weight gain (overall p ≤ 0.045). After adjusting for potential confounders, gestational weight gain was positively associated with birth weight, length at birth, birth weight-for-age z-score and length-for-age z-score (all p ≤ 0.006). Conclusions Our findings raise concern over the high proportion of pregnant women in Vietnam who have multiple concurrent nutrient inadequacies and who fall short of meeting recommended gestational weight gain standards. To ensure better birth outcomes in this population, policies and strategies to improve the status of maternal nutrition are greatly needed. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov on December 20, 2013, registration identifier: NCT02016586.

scholarly journals Maternal Obesity and Risk of Low Birth Weight, Fetal Growth Restriction, and Macrosomia: Multiple Analyses

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Lewandowska
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Risk Profiles ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Newborn Outcomes

The associations between maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and low birth weight (LBW, <2500 g) remain inconclusive. Therefore, birth weight in a Polish prospective cohort of 912 mothers was investigated depending on the pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). The whole cohort and the subgroup of gestational weight gain (GWG) in the range of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations, as well as ‘healthy’ women (who did not develop diabetes or hypertension in this pregnancy) were investigated. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of the newborn outcomes (with 95% confidence intervals, CI) for obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) vs. normal BMI (18.5−24.9 kg/m2) were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Risk profiles (in the Lowess method) were presented for BMI values (kg/m2) and threshold BMI values were calculated. (1) In the cohort, LBW affected 6.6% of pregnancies, fetal growth restriction (FGR) 2.3%, and macrosomia 10.6%. (2) The adjusted risk of macrosomia was more than three-fold higher for obesity compared to normal BMI in the whole cohort (AOR = 3.21 (1.69−6.1), p < 0.001) and the result was maintained in the subgroups. A 17-fold higher adjusted LBW risk for obesity was found (AOR = 17.42 (1.5−202.6), p = 0.022), but only in the normal GWG subgroup. The FGR risk profile was U-shaped: in the entire cohort, the risk was more than three times higher for obesity (AOR = 3.12 (1.02−9.54), p = 0.045) and underweight (AOR = 3.84 (1.13−13.0), p = 0.031). (3) The risk profiles showed that the highest BMI values were found to be associated with a higher risk of these three newborn outcomes and the threshold BMI was 23.7 kg/m2 for macrosomia, 26.2 kg/m2 for LBW, and 31.8 kg/m2 for FGR. These results confirm the multidirectional effects of obesity on fetal growth (low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, and macrosomia). The results for LBW were heavily masked by the effects of abnormal gestational weight gain.

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