scholarly journals Socio-Economic Productive Capacities and Energy Efficiency: Global Evidence by Income Level and Resource Dependence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Demiral ◽  
Özge Demiral
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Primary Energy Supply

Abstract This study tests the effects of productive capacities in socio-economic factors (human capital, transport, information-communication technology, institutions, private sector, and structural change) on energy efficiency in a sample of 125 countries. Energy efficiency is assessed by energy productivity (gross domestic product per unit of total primary energy supply) and energy intensity (total primary energy supply per capita). The world sample is divided into four income groups and an income-heterogeneous control group of non-renewable resource-dependent economies. The study utilizes cross-sectionally dependent and stationary panel data over the period 2000-2018. The analysis of variance shows that higher income groups monotonically have higher productive capacities and energy intensity. The regression results from appropriate fixed-effects and random-effects modeling reveal varied driver and barrier influences of the socio-economic factors on energy efficiency improvements (higher energy productivity and lower energy intensity). In some cases, predictors scale up both energy productivity and energy intensity indicating the issue of the rebound effect. Higher human capital capacity stimulates energy efficiency except for middle-income groups. Higher transport capacity reduces energy productivity, except for upper-middle-income economies, and tends to increase energy intensity for low-income and middle-income groups. The deployment of information-communication technologies is positively associated with energy productivity, except for low-income economies. Energy productivity performance of resource-dependent economies is improved by higher productive capacities in institutions and private sectors but impaired by structural change, whereas structural change drives energy efficiency in low-income economies. Additionally, the growth of gross national income per capita worsens energy efficiency for resource-dependent economies. Bidirectional feedback causalities are established between energy efficiency and its predictors in most cases. The heterogeneous findings are discussed for providing research and policy implications.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Dynamics in the Finance-Inequality Nexus in China-CHNS Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Masudur Rahman ◽  
Guan Fuquan ◽  
Laila Arjuman Ara
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Quantile Regression Model ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the effects of financial development on incomes of Chinese residents particularly within various income groups using data from six provinces by applying the Quantile Regression model. The Greenwood and Jovanovich hypothesis that illustrates the inverted U shaped relationship between financial development and income inequality is tested. This empirical study demonstrates that financial development has a positive but non-linear effect on the annual income of individuals from various income groups at different quantiles. The effect is an inverted U or Kuznets effect indicating an increase at first and then a drop. As for the distribution of the impact on various income groups, the low-income group is under the most dominant influence followed by the high-income group with the middle-income groups receiving relatively smaller influence. Findings indicate that promoting balanced financial development would help to ease the income gap between Chinese residents.

scholarly journals Fiscal Decentralisation and Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 237 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-273
Author(s):  
Sibylle Stossberg ◽  
Hansjörg Blöchliger
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Tax Autonomy ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Fiscal Decentralisation ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Fiscal decentralisation might be partially responsible for rising income inequality by exacerbating competition between sub-national governments and compromising national government’s ability to redistribute. This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal decentralisation and economy-wide disposable income inequality. Drawing on a dataset of up to 20 OECD countries and covering the period 1996 to 2011, the analysis links a set of income inequality indicators and a wide array of fiscal decentralisation indicators. Results indicate that decentralisation might actually reduce income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, but the effect is rather small and unstable across specifications. Fine-graining the analysis by using income percentile ratios, in turn, produces more significant and stable results. As such, the effects of fiscal decentralisation are not the same along the income distribution. While decentralisation tends to be associated with a reduction in income inequality between high incomes and the median, it is linked to a divergence of low income groups from the median, notably via sub-central tax autonomy. Transfers between levels of government also tend to be associated with an increase in the gap between lower and middle incomes. Interpreting these effects jointly, it seems that mainly middle income earners benefit from fiscal decentralisation.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in Drugs and Substance Abuse: results from a Household Cross-sectional Survey in Murang’ a County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Omondi Were ◽  
Collins Omondi Okoyo ◽  
Sylvie Biyaki Araka ◽  
Henry Muriuki Kanyi ◽  
Elizabeth Echoka Echoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Economic Inequalities

Abstract IntroductionDrugs and substance abuse has adverse health effects and substantial economic burden to the global economies and at the household level. There is, however, limited data on socio-economic inequalities disparities in drugs and substance abuse in low-to-middle income countries such as Kenya. This study aimed to assess the socio-economic inequalities in a selected county of central Kenya.MethodThe study design was cross-sectional, and data collection was conducted between November and December 2017. A total of 449 households with a least one person who uses any drugs or substance of abuse were randomly sampled from 4 purposively selected sub-locations of Murang’ a County, central Kenya. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on types of drugs used, economic burden, and gender roles at the household level. Household socio-economic status (SES) was established ( low, middle, and high SES ) using principal component analysis f(PCA) from a set of household assets and characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between SES, gender, and other factors on the uptake of drugs and substance of abuse.ResultsIndividuals in higher SES were more likely to use cigarettes ( OR = 2.13; 95%CI = 1.25–3.61, p = 0.005) or piped tobacco (OR = 11.37; 95% CI, 2.55–50.8; p-value = 0.001) than those in low SES. The wealthier individuals were less likely to use legal alcohol (OR = 0.39; 95%CI = 0.21–0.71, p = 0.002) than the poorest individuals. The use of prescription drugs did not vary with SES. A comparison of the median amount of money spent on acquiring drugs showed that richer individuals spent a significantly higher amount than the poorest individuals (Ksh 1500 vs. Ksh 1000, p = 0.0310). Deaths related to drugs and substance abuse were more likely to occur in middle SES than amongst the poorest households (OR = 2.96; 95%CI = 1.03–8.45).ConclusionSocioeconomic disparities exist in the use of drugs and substance abuse. The low-income individuals are at a higher risk of abuse and thus of economic burden due to catastrophic expenditure in acquiring the drugs. Cases of deaths were likely to occur in middle-income groups. Strategies to reduce drugs and substance abuse must address socio-economic inequalities through targeted approaches to individuals in low-income groups.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Consumption and Local Environmental Effects for Economic Growth: The Role of Financial Development and Foreign Direct Investment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itbar khan ◽  
lei han ◽  
Hayat khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups

Abstract The use of renewable energy improves environmental quality by reducing carbon emission and influence economics growth where carbon emission also effect economic growth of a country. The economic theory of tourism also indicates that tourism development enhance economic growth though spillovers as well contribute to climate change. The inflow of FDI and financial development enhance economic growth however its also effect environmental quality. Based on the ongoing debate, the present research trying attempts to explore the effect of CO2 emission and renewable energy consumption, FDI and financial development on economic growth in different income grouped countries to know whether these impacts are the same for the low income, middle income and high income countries on economic growth? Using panel data for high income, low income & middle income countries for the period of 1980–2018, the current study found that all variables effect economic growth significantly where FDI and carbon emission are positive while renewable energy consumption and financial development are negative for economic growth in the whole sample while its differ in the income groups. These studies have shown that these variables are not the same as the economic growth of economic growth and different income groups are not the same, but it changes. In addition, the foundation of this study has a great deal of recommendations for income Group economic decision make-up.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic Impact of 2008 Financial Crisis on Countries by Income Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Erkan DEMIRBAS
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Us ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
Weak Growth

<p>The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the US mortgage crisis on macroeconomic indicators by considering classification of countries by income groups. Using the data of World Development Indicators prepared by World Bank, countries are classified in four groups respectively low-income economies, lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income and high-income economies. For these groups of countries the data of macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth, employment, inflation, export, from 2005 to 2015 are examined. Obtained results show that group of high income countries have not just been heavily affected from 2008 crisis, but also facing problem of weak growth and risk of deflation, whereas middle income economies have been affected from declining commod­ity prices. Present conditions are required to initiate proactive fiscal and monetary policies in the world.</p>

scholarly journals The temporal evolution of income polarization in Canada’s largest CMAs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0251430
Author(s):  
Lazar Ilic ◽  
M. Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
High Income ◽  
Fragmented Landscape ◽  
Landscape Mosaic ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Income Polarization ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Using Data

Income polarization is a pressing issue which is increasingly discussed by academics and policymakers. The present research examines income polarization in Canada’s eight largest Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) using data at the census-tract (CT) level between 1971 and 2016. Generally, there are significant decreasing trends in the middle-income population with simultaneously increasing trends in low-income groups. The high-income groups have been relatively stable with fewer significant increasing population trends. Using conventional mapping and cartograms, patterns of the spatial evolution of income inequality are illustrated. Every CMA examined contains an increasing trend of spatial fragmentation at the patch level within each CMA’s landscape mosaic. The results of a spatial autocorrelation analysis at the sub-patch, CT level, exhibit significant spatial clustering of high-income CTs as one process that dominates the increasingly fragmented landscape mosaic.

Abstract 23: Income Disparity and Utilization of Cardiovascular Preventive Care Services in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Shahu ◽  
Victor Okunrintemi ◽  
Martin Tibuakuu ◽  
Safi U Khan ◽  
Martha Gulati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey ◽  
Preventive Services ◽  
High Income ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups

Background: Socioeconomic markers such as income level are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the associations between income and utilization of CVD preventive services, such as receipt of lifestyle advice and screening for CVD risk factors in populations with and without established CVD are less well understood. Methods: We used data from the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2006-2015). We included adults (≥18 years old) and divided the sample population into 2 groups: those with CVD (defined by self-reported and/or ICD9 diagnosis of CVD [coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, cardiac dysrhythmias and/or peripheral arterial disease]) and those without CVD. Participant responses were recorded by telephone survey. Additional information on health care utilization was collected from physicians, hospitals, and pharmacies. We categorized participants as high income (400% of federal poverty level [FPL]), middle income (200-400% of FPL), low income (125-200% of FPL) and poor/very low income (<125% of FPL). We used logistic regression to compare likelihood of utilizing or receiving certain CVD risk preventive services among participants in different income groups, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and other socioeconomic factors. Results: We included 185,081 participants without CVD (representing 194.6 million US adults without CVD, 48% female) and 32,862 participants with CVD (representing 37 million U.S. adults with CVD); 36% of individuals with CVD were in the high income category, 29% were middle income, 16% and 19% were in the low and poor/very low income group, respectively. Compared with high income adults, adults with low and poor/very low income were less likely to have cholesterol levels or blood pressure checked and receive counseling about diet modifications, exercise, or smoking cessation, regardless of CVD status ( Table ). Conclusion: Poor/very low income adults were much less likely to be screened for CVD risk factors or receive counseling for prevention of CVD than high income adults. More work must be done to reduce disparities in access to and utilization of CVD preventive services among adults in different income groups.

scholarly journals A Study on Income as a Determinant of Buying Decision-making Styles

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adyasha Suvadarshini ◽  
Bidhu Bhusan Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Decision Making Styles ◽  
Low Income Groups

The following paper attempts to understand if income determines the buying decision-making styles of consumers in Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha, a state located on eastern India. A total of 103 respondents of Bhubaneswar were chosen by using the Mall intercept method. The samples were classified into three groups based on their average annual family income such as High Income, Middle Income and Low Income groups. Exploratory Factor Analysis was carried to identify the decisionmaking styles. ANOVA was employed to compare the shopping styles of these three income sub-groups. Results indicate that differences in consumer shopping styles exist among the income sub-groups. Findings of the study can be used by marketers for segmentation, targeting and positioning of retail shoppers which may facilitate them to compete efficiently. It is recommended that different income sub-groups should be viewed as distinct consumer segments and strategies should be formulated to cater each segment effectively.

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