scholarly journals Influences of Organic Loading, Feed-To-Inoculum Ratio, And Different Pretreatment Strategies On The Methane Production Performance of Eggplant Stalk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhu ◽  
Si Zhang ◽  
Chao Song ◽  
Ligong Wang ◽  
Fanfan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Sem Analyses

Abstract A large amount of eggplant straw (ES) is incinerated after harvesting of eggplant every year, which aggravates environmental pollution and waste of resources. Converting ES into methane through anaerobic digestion (AD) technology may be a potential treatment method, considering the low environmental impact and high energy recovery. Firstly, this study explored the effects of organic loading (OL) and feed to inoculum ratio (F/I ratio) on the AD of ES by response surface methodology (RSM). In order to achieve higher AD efficiency, various pretreatments (acid, alkali, alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP), microwave and ultrasound) were introduced and comprehensively assessed with regard to methane production performance, organic matter destruction and kinetic parameters. Results showed that OL had a more significant impact on AD process compared to F/I ratio and methane production was enhanced remarkably when the OL and F/I ratio were 35.0 g VS/L and 3.0, respectively. XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses of pretreated ES showed that alkali and AHP pretreatments performed better in delignification. Under optimal conditions, the ES pretreated with 1.5% AHP (adjusted by KOH) performed the maximum methane production of 262.2 mL/g VS with a Bd of 95.0%, which increased by 334.1% than untreated ES. This paper not only provides the theoretical data about methane production performance of ES but also gives practical guidance for efficient utilization of similar vegetable straw biowastes, which is also promising for large-scale industrial applications in the future.

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of single-stage and two-stage anaerobic digestion for biogas production from high moisture municipal solid waste

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9693
Author(s):  
Wattananarong Markphan ◽  
Chonticha Mamimin ◽  
Wantanasak Suksong ◽  
Poonsuk Prasertsan ◽  
Sompong O-Thong
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Ph Adjustment

Background Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a suitable process for treating high moisture MSW with biogas and biofertilizer production. However, the low stability of AD performance and low methane production results from high moisture MSW due to the fast acidify of carbohydrate fermentation. The effects of organic loading and incineration fly ash addition as a pH adjustment on methane production from high moisture MSW in the single-stage AD and two-stage AD processes were investigated. Results Suitable initial organic loading of the single-stage AD process was 17 gVS L−1 at incineration fly ash (IFA) addition of 0.5% with methane yield of 287 mL CH4 g−1 VS. Suitable initial organic loading of the two-stage AD process was 43 gVS L−1 at IFA addition of 1% with hydrogen and methane yield of 47.4 ml H2 g−1 VS and 363 mL CH4 g−1 VS, respectively. The highest hydrogen and methane production of 8.7 m3 H2 ton−1 of high moisture MSW and 66.6 m3 CH4 ton−1 of high moisture MSW was achieved at organic loading of 43 gVS L−1 at IFA addition of 1% by two-stage AD process. Biogas production by the two-stage AD process enabled 18.5% higher energy recovery than single-stage AD. The 1% addition of IFA into high moisture MSW was useful for controlling pH of the two-stage AD process with enhanced biogas production between 87–92% when compared to without IFA addition. Electricity production and energy recovery from MSW using the coupled incineration with biogas production by two-stage AD process were 9,874 MJ ton−1 MSW and 89%, respectively. Conclusions The two-stage AD process with IFA addition for pH adjustment could improve biogas production from high moisture MSW, as well as reduce lag phase and enhance biodegradability efficiency. The coupled incineration process with biogas production using the two-stage AD process was suitable for the management of MSW with low area requirement, low greenhouse gas emissions, and high energy recovery.

Construction of Emission Reduction Potential Model on Refinery and Chemical Enterprises

2013 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 905-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Chun Li ◽  
Zhao Sun ◽  
Xian Yuan Du ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Yu Li
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Potential Model ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Clean Production ◽  
Emission Reduction Potential ◽  
Index Evaluation

Refinery and chemical enterprises in China are mostly of high energy consumption and high pollution enterprises, so that greenhouse gases, SO2, NOX, NH3-N, and COD have great emission reduction potential. At the present stage, refinery enterprises emission reduction potential just for a pollutant is not comprehensive enough. Based on the above-mentioned five pollutants of refinery and chemical enterprises, the pollution reduction potential model are established by using linear programming method, which can provide decision support of emission reduction for refinery and chemical enterprises during the "12th Five Year Plan". The comprehensive index evaluation method not only can be used to clean production evaluation about evaluation of the environmental impact of large-scale integrated refinery project, also can be used to clean production audit of existing projects and enterprises to implement cleaner production performance evaluation.

Organic solvent-assisted free-standing Li2MnO3·LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 on 3D graphene as a high energy density cathode

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (91) ◽  
pp. 16381-16384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuelong Xin ◽  
Liya Qi ◽  
Yiwei Zhang ◽  
Zicheng Zuo ◽  
Henghui Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
3D Graphene ◽  
Active Particles

A novel organic solvent-assisted freeze-drying pathway, which can effectively protect and uniformly distribute active particles, is developed to fabricate a free-standing Li2MnO3·LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LR)/rGO electrode on a large scale.

scholarly journals Enabling Reuse in Extended Producer Responsibility Schemes for White Goods: Legal and Organisational Conditions for Connecting Resource Flows and Actors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Dalhammar ◽  
Emelie Wihlborg ◽  
Leonidas Milios ◽  
Jessika Luth Richter ◽  
Sahra Svensson-Höglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Extended Producer Responsibility ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Pilot Projects ◽  
Waste Hierarchy ◽  
Producer Responsibility ◽  
White Goods

AbstractExtended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes have proliferated across Europe and other parts of the world in recent years and have contributed to increasing material and energy recovery from waste streams. Currently, EPR schemes do not provide sufficient incentives for moving towards the higher levels of the waste hierarchy, e.g. by reducing the amounts of waste through incentivising the design of products with longer lifespans and by enhancing reuse activities through easier collection and repair of end-of-life products. Nevertheless, several municipalities and regional actors around Europe are increasingly promoting reuse activities through a variety of initiatives. Furthermore, even in the absence of legal drivers, many producer responsibility organisations (PROs), who execute their members’ responsibilities in EPR schemes, are considering promoting reuse and have initiated a number of pilot projects. A product group that has been identified as having high commercial potential for reuse is white goods, but the development of large-scale reuse of white goods seems unlikely unless a series of legal and organisational barriers are effectively addressed. Through an empirical investigation with relevant stakeholders, based on interviews, and the analysis of two case studies of PROs that developed criteria for allowing reusers to access their end-of-life white goods, this contribution presents insights on drivers and barriers for the repair and reuse of white goods in EPR schemes and discusses potential interventions that could facilitate the upscale of reuse activities. Concluding, although the reuse potential for white goods is high, the analysis highlights the currently insufficient policy landscape for incentivising reuse and the need for additional interventions to make reuse feasible as a mainstream enterprise.

scholarly journals Multi-Country Scale Assessment of Available Energy Recovery Potential Using Micro-Hydropower in Drinking, Pressurised Irrigation and Wastewater Networks, Covering Part of the EU

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 899
Author(s):  
Djordje Mitrovic ◽  
Miguel Crespo Chacón ◽  
Aida Mérida García ◽  
Jorge García Morillo ◽  
Juan Antonio Rodríguez Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Scale Assessment

Studies have shown micro-hydropower (MHP) opportunities for energy recovery and CO2 reductions in the water sector. This paper conducts a large-scale assessment of this potential using a dataset amassed across six EU countries (Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Spain, and Portugal) for the drinking water, irrigation, and wastewater sectors. Extrapolating the collected data, the total annual MHP potential was estimated between 482.3 and 821.6 GWh, depending on the assumptions, divided among Ireland (15.5–32.2 GWh), Scotland (17.8–139.7 GWh), Northern Ireland (5.9–8.2 GWh), Wales (10.2–8.1 GWh), Spain (375.3–539.9 GWh), and Portugal (57.6–93.5 GWh) and distributed across the drinking water (43–67%), irrigation (51–30%), and wastewater (6–3%) sectors. The findings demonstrated reductions in energy consumption in water networks between 1.7 and 13.0%. Forty-five percent of the energy estimated from the analysed sites was associated with just 3% of their number, having a power output capacity >15 kW. This demonstrated that a significant proportion of energy could be exploited at a small number of sites, with a valuable contribution to net energy efficiency gains and CO2 emission reductions. This also demonstrates cost-effective, value-added, multi-country benefits to policy makers, establishing the case to incentivise MHP in water networks to help achieve the desired CO2 emissions reductions targets.

High energy density aqueous zinc–benzoquinone batteries enabled by carbon cloth with multiple anchoring effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Luo ◽  
Silin Zheng ◽  
Shuo Zhao ◽  
Xin Jiao ◽  
Zongshuai Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Porous Carbon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Carbon Cloth ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
High Theoretical Capacity ◽  
Energy Storage Applications

Benzoquinone with high theoretical capacity is anchored on N-plasma engraved porous carbon as a desirable cathode for rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Such batteries display tremendous potential in large-scale energy storage applications.

scholarly journals 1.5 °C degrowth scenarios suggest the need for new mitigation pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenz T. Keyßer ◽  
Manfred Lenzen
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Integrated Assessment Modelling ◽  
Negative Emissions ◽  
Energy Emissions

Abstract1.5  °C scenarios reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) rely on combinations of controversial negative emissions and unprecedented technological change, while assuming continued growth in gross domestic product (GDP). Thus far, the integrated assessment modelling community and the IPCC have neglected to consider degrowth scenarios, where economic output declines due to stringent climate mitigation. Hence, their potential to avoid reliance on negative emissions and speculative rates of technological change remains unexplored. As a first step to address this gap, this paper compares 1.5  °C degrowth scenarios with IPCC archetype scenarios, using a simplified quantitative representation of the fuel-energy-emissions nexus. Here we find that the degrowth scenarios minimize many key risks for feasibility and sustainability compared to technology-driven pathways, such as the reliance on high energy-GDP decoupling, large-scale carbon dioxide removal and large-scale and high-speed renewable energy transformation. However, substantial challenges remain regarding political feasibility. Nevertheless, degrowth pathways should be thoroughly considered.

scholarly journals Nitrogen-enriched graphene framework from a large-scale magnesiothermic conversion of CO2 with synergistic kinetics for high-power lithium-ion capacitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Li ◽  
Xiong Zhang ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Xianzhong Sun ◽  
Yanan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Chemical Doping ◽  
Lithium Ion Capacitor

AbstractLithium-ion capacitors are envisaged as promising energy-storage devices to simultaneously achieve a large energy density and high-power output at quick charge and discharge rates. However, the mismatched kinetics between capacitive cathodes and faradaic anodes still hinder their practical application for high-power purposes. To tackle this problem, the electron and ion transport of both electrodes should be substantially improved by targeted structural design and controllable chemical doping. Herein, nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks are prepared via a large-scale and ultrafast magnesiothermic combustion synthesis using CO2 and melamine as precursors, which exhibit a crosslinked porous structure, abundant functional groups and high electrical conductivity (10524 S m−1). The material essentially delivers upgraded kinetics due to enhanced ion diffusion and electron transport. Excellent capacities of 1361 mA h g−1 and 827 mA h g−1 can be achieved at current densities of 0.1 A g−1 and 3 A g−1, respectively, demonstrating its outstanding lithium storage performance at both low and high rates. Moreover, the lithium-ion capacitor based on these nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks displays a high energy density of 151 Wh kg−1, and still retains 86 Wh kg−1 even at an ultrahigh power output of 49 kW kg−1. This study reveals an effective pathway to achieve synergistic kinetics in carbon electrode materials for achieving high-power lithium-ion capacitors.

scholarly journals Modeling Gamma-Ray SEDs and Angular Extensions of Extreme TeV Blazars from Intergalactic Proton-Initiated Cascades in Contemporary Astrophysical EGMF Models

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Emil Khalikov
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Cherenkov Telescopes ◽  
The Universe

The intrinsic spectra of some distant blazars known as “extreme TeV blazars” have shown a hint at an anomalous hardening in the TeV energy region. Several extragalactic propagation models have been proposed to explain this possible excess transparency of the Universe to gamma-rays starting from a model which assumes the existence of so-called axion-like particles (ALPs) and the new process of gamma-ALP oscillations. Alternative models suppose that some of the observable gamma-rays are produced in the intergalactic cascades. This work focuses on investigating the spectral and angular features of one of the cascade models, the Intergalactic Hadronic Cascade Model (IHCM) in the contemporary astrophysical models of Extragalactic Magnetic Field (EGMF). For IHCM, EGMF largely determines the deflection of primary cosmic rays and electrons of intergalactic cascades and, thus, is of vital importance. Contemporary Hackstein models are considered in this paper and compared to the model of Dolag. The models assumed are based on simulations of the local part of large-scale structure of the Universe and differ in the assumptions for the seed field. This work provides spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and angular extensions of two extreme TeV blazars, 1ES 0229+200 and 1ES 0414+009. It is demonstrated that observable SEDs inside a typical point spread function of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) for IHCM would exhibit a characteristic high-energy attenuation compared to the ones obtained in hadronic models that do not consider EGMF, which makes it possible to distinguish among these models. At the same time, the spectra for IHCM models would have longer high energy tails than some available spectra for the ALP models and the universal spectra for the Electromagnetic Cascade Model (ECM). The analysis of the IHCM observable angular extensions shows that the sources would likely be identified by most IACTs not as point sources but rather as extended ones. These spectra could later be compared with future observation data of such instruments as Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) and LHAASO.

Prediction of suitable heat treatment for H13 tool steels by application of thermal shock fatigue cycle

2021 ◽  
pp. 135065012110118
Author(s):  
Palani Karthikeyan ◽  
Sumit Pramanik
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Tool Steels ◽  
H13 Steel ◽  
H13 Tool Steel ◽  
Cyclic Treatment

In industry, thermally shocked components lead to early failures and unexpected breakdowns during production resulting in huge losses in profit. Thus, the present study investigates the as-received, hardened and hardened and nitrogen treated H13 tool steels subjected to a thermal shock gradient similar to the actual industrial applications. The thermal shock gradients were created by using an in-house-built thermal shock fatigue cyclic treatment machine. The effect of thermal shock fatigue cyclic treatments at 1000 and 2000 thermal shock cycles in hot and molten metal chambers was noticed. All the thermal shock fatigue cyclic-treated samples were analysed by hardness, X-ray diffraction, microscopy and magnetic tests. The interesting changes in hardness, distorted crystal structure and crack initiation were found to be different for differently treated H13 tool steel specimens. The molten aluminium was more prone to stick to the surface of as-received as well as hardened and nitrogen treated steel compared to the hardened H13 steel specimens, which would delay the crack initiation. The wear resistance properties of the hardened H13 steel specimens were found to be higher than as-received and hardened and nitrogen treated H13 steel specimens after thermal shock fatigue cyclic treatment. The loss in magnetic properties was significant for the hardened and hardened and nitrogen treated samples compared to as-received H13 tool steel specimens. Therefore, the present 1000 and 2000 thermal fatigue cycles for 30 s at 670 °C would be worthy to predict the proper heat treatment method to design the parameters as well as the life of die-casting components and to help in the economical production of casting.

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