Retrieving Ionospheric Electron Density Distribution with COSMIC Occultations

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuei-An Liou
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Electron Density Distribution ◽  
Ionospheric Electron Density

scholarly journals A Method for Determining the Electron Density Distribution about the F2 Peak of the Ionosphere

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
PL Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Electron Density Distribution ◽  
Ionospheric Electron Density ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Electron Density Profiles ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Ground Echoes

A method is given for extending the analysis of topside ionograms to yield ionospheric electron density profiles down to and below hmax, the peak of the F2 layer, by analysis of the ground echoes. Calculations using model ionospheres indicate that the accuracy of the method is not seriously affected by the assumptions made or by the limited accuracy with which ionograms can be scaled.

A study on α-RuCl3 crystal structure by scanning tunneling microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
H.-J. Cantow ◽  
H. Hillebrecht ◽  
S. Magonov ◽  
H. W. Rotter ◽  
G. Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Electron Density Distribution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
X Ray

From X-ray analysis, the conclusions are drawn from averaged molecular informations. Thus, limitations are caused when analyzing systems whose symmetry is reduced due to interatomic interactions. In contrast, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) directly images atomic scale surface electron density distribution, with a resolution up to fractions of Angstrom units. The crucial point is the correlation between the electron density distribution and the localization of individual atoms, which is reasonable in many cases. Thus, the use of STM images for crystal structure determination may be permitted. We tried to apply RuCl3 - a layered material with semiconductive properties - for such STM studies. From the X-ray analysis it has been assumed that α-form of this compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (AICI3 type). The chlorine atoms form an almost undistorted cubic closed package while Ru occupies 2/3 of the octahedral holes in every second layer building up a plane hexagon net (graphite net). Idealizing the arrangement of the chlorines a hexagonal symmetry would be expected. X-ray structure determination of isotypic compounds e.g. IrBr3 leads only to averaged positions of the metal atoms as there exist extended stacking faults of the metal layers.

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