scholarly journals Production of Cuitlacoche [Ustilago maydis (DS) Corda] on Sweet Corn

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1374-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Pataky
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Inoculation Techniques

In parts of central Mexico, galls of common smut, caused by Ustilago maydis (Syn = Ustilago zeae Ung.), on ears of corn (Zea mays L.) are an edible delicacy known as cuitlacoche. Preliminary studies were done to identify methods to increase formation of ear galls on sweet corn. Of 370 sweet corn hybrids evaluated in disease nurseries, 38 hybrids were identified for which incidence of ear galls exceeded 40% in 1987 or 1988 or exceeded 12% in 1990. Inoculation techniques for inducing ear galls were: 1) spraying sporidial suspensions between leaf sheaths and stalks at the sixth to eighth nodes; 2) injecting sporidial suspensions into the sixth to eighth internodes; 3) wounding leaf sheaths at the sixth to eighth nodes with sand, followed by spraying a sporidial suspension into wounds; and 4) wounding leaf sheaths at the sixth to eighth nodes with sand in which teliospores were mixed. Only the sporidial injection technique substantially increased the incidence of smut, but it increased the incidence of stalk, tassel, and leaf galls more than ear galls. Thus, additional research is needed to determine when and how to inoculate with U. maydis to induce the formation of ear galls necessary to commercially produce cuitlacoche and to screen for disease resistance.

scholarly journals Yield and Quality of Huitlacoche on Sweet Corn Inoculated with Ustilago maydis

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 782-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Valverde ◽  
P. Fallah Moghaddam ◽  
M.S. Zavala-Gallardo ◽  
J.K. Pataky ◽  
O. Paredes-Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Gall Tissue ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Optimal Harvest

Ear gall development was evaluated after inoculating sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids with Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda by injecting sporidial suspensions into silk channels when silks had emerged ≈3 to 6 cm from ear shoots. Gall incidence was ≈35% in two inoculation trials. About 0.5% of the noninoculated control plants was infected. Gall weight increased ≈250% to 500% between 14 and 21 days after inoculation, reaching a maximum of ≈280 to 600 g. Gall tissue was nearly 100% black and had lost its spongy integrity 19 to 21 days after inoculation, when mycelial cells formed powdery teliospores. A 1- or 2-day harvest window during which huitlacoche yield and quality were optimized corresponded to the time at which 60% to 80% of the gall tissue was black. The optimal huitlacoche harvest time varied among hybrids from 17 to 19 days after inoculation, but we suspect that optimal harvest time varies from ≈15 to 24 days after inoculation, depending on the growth stage at which the host is inoculated and the environmental conditions following inoculation. Differences among sweet corn hybrids in gall incidence, gall size, and coverage of mature galls by husk leaves were observed and could be used to select sweet corn hybrids that are well suited for producing huitlacoche.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Eight Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids to Pyroxasulfone

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Sikkema ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Darren E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Field Corn

Pyroxasulfone is an experimental herbicide for use in field corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean that may have potential for weed management in sweet corn. Tolerance of eight sweet corn hybrids to pyroxasulfone applied preemergence (PRE) at rates of 0, 209, and 418 g·ha−1 a.i. were studied at two Ontario locations in 2005 and 2006. Pyroxasulfone applied PRE at 209 and 418 g·ha−1 caused minimal (less than 3%) injury in Harvest Gold, GH2041, GH9589, GSS9299, GG214, GG446, GG763, and GG447 sweet corn hybrids at 7, 14, and 28 days after emergence. Pyroxasulfone applied PRE did not reduce plant height, cob size, or yield of any of the sweet corn hybrids tested in this study. Based on these results, pyroxasulfone applied PRE at the rates evaluated can be safely used for weed management in Harvest Gold, GH2041, GH9589, GSS9299, GG214, GG446, GG763, and GG447 sweet corn.

scholarly journals Reactions of Sweet Corn Hybrids with Resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kerns ◽  
J. K. Pataky
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Sugarcane Mosaic Virus ◽  
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Symptomatic Tissue

Maize dwarf mosaic (MDM), caused by the sugarcane mosaic subgroup of potyviruses, can substantially reduce yield and ear quality of sweet corn (Zea mays). The effects of strain A of maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A) and strain MDMV-B of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV-MB) on resistant sweet corn hybrids were evaluated. Incidence of symptomatic plants, types of symptomatic responses, yield, and ear quality were compared among 20 hybrids in 1993 and 14 hybrids in 1994. Incidence of symptomatic plants measured at the beginning of harvest ranged from 4 to 100% in 1993 and 1 to 100% in 1994 and differed among hybrids inoculated with MDMV-A and/or SCMV-MB. Hybrids BiGuard, Dallas, HMX 9352, and Topacio had low (<20%) incidences of symptomatic plants when inoculated with MDMV-A, SCMV-B, or MDMV-A/SCMV-MB. Some hybrids had moderate responses, with incidence varying around 25%. Some hybrids appeared to have greater resistance to MDMV-A than to SCMV-MB. The incidence of sectoring plants (i.e., distinct bands or sectors of asymptomatic and symptomatic tissue) was higher for hybrids with high levels of resistance and ranged from 0 to 14% in 1993 and 0 to 83% in 1994. Ear weight of inoculated hybrids, expressed as a percentage of the non-inoculated control, ranged from 84 to 109% in 1993 and from 84 to 105% in 1994. Slope coefficients from regressions of percent ear weight on incidence ranged from -0.085 to -0.15. Butt blanking was associated with high incidence of MDM-symptomatic plants. None of the commercially available MDM-resistant sweet corn hybrids were 100% asymptomatic, but levels of resistance in most of these hybrids were adequate to minimize the effects of MDM on yield.

Sweet Corn (Zea mays) Hybrid Tolerance to Nicosulfuron

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy A. Morton ◽  
R. Gordon Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Significant Difference

Tolerance of eight processing sweet corn hybrids to nicosulfuron was evaluated in field studies conducted at Arlington, Wis. in 1988 and 1989. Magnitude of sweet corn vigor reduction varied between years. Greater vigor reduction occurred to ‘Jubilee’ sweet corn than to the other seven hybrids. Injury to the hybrids increased as nicosulfuron rate increased. In 1988, some of the hybrids were stunted slightly by all of the herbicide rates, but within a hybrid there was no significant difference among herbicide rates. In 1989 none of the hybrids, including Jubilee, was stunted by even 140 g ai ha–1nicosulfuron compared with the corresponding check. Effects of nicosulfuron on yields of the eight hybrids in 1988 and in 1989 are best described by a quadratic regression equation.

Sweet Corn (Zea mays) Hybrids Respond Differently to Simulated Imazethapyr Carryover

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Rabaey ◽  
R. Gordon Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Wide Range

Eleven sweet corn hybrids representing a wide range of injury with imazethapyr in a greenhouse study were evaluated in simulated imazethapyr carryover field studies conducted at Arlington, WI. Imazethapyr at 0, 11, 22, and 44 g ai/ha was applied and incorporated 15 d prior to planting sweet corn. The greatest injury occurred 28 d after planting, with reductions in height ranging from 0 to 25%. Reductions in corn ear yields were similar all years for 10 of the 11 hybrids. Reductions in corn ear yield for ‘Crisp N’ Sweet 710,’ ‘Cornucopia,’ ‘Super Sweet Jubilee,’ ‘Excellency,’ and ‘DMC 20–35′ were less than for ‘Natural Sweet 9000,’ ‘Jubilee,’ ‘Zenith,’ ‘Green Giant 40,’ and ‘Green Giant 97.’ In 1992, plots were prepared for an actual imazethapyr carryover study by applying imazethapyr PPI at 70 and 140 g/ha and planting soybean. In 1993, four sweet corn hybrids were planted. Corn ear yield of Green Giant 97 was reduced following previous-year applications of 140 g/ha imazethapyr. Corn ear yields of Excellency, Super Sweet Jubilee, and Jubilee were not reduced at either actual carryover rate. These studies indicate variability among sweet corn hybrids in susceptibility to imazethapyr. Greenhouse results were indicative of field responses and may be useful as a rapid test to determine hybrid susceptibility.

scholarly journals Reactions of Rp-Resistant, Processing Sweet Corn Hybrids to Populations of Puccinia sorghi Virulent on Corn with the Rp1-D Gene

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerald K. Pataky ◽  
Mirian Gonzalez ◽  
James L. Brewbaker ◽  
Frederik J. Kloppers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Puccinia Sorghi ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Resistance to Puccinia sorghi Schwein. based on the Rp1-D gene has been used successfully in North America for the past 15 years to control common rust on sweet corn (Zea mays L.). The objective of this preliminary research was to examine rust reactions of Rp-hybrids grown for processing in the midwestern United States against biotypes of P. sorghi virulent against Rp1-D. In Sept. 1999, isolates of P. sorghi virulent on corn with the Rp1-D gene were collected throughout the midwestern United States. Rust reactions of 41 Rp-resistant, processing sweet corn hybrids and nine non-Rp hybrids were evaluated during the 1999-2000 season in Argentina, Hawaii, Mexico, and South Africa, where populations of P. sorghi are virulent against Rp1-D. Sporulating uredinia were observed on all hybrids in all locations. Although rust reactions varied among locations, mean standardized scores of nine non-Rp hybrids that were included in the trial as controls ranked nearly the same as in previous trials. Thirteen hybrids with standardized scores above 0.25 were more susceptible than the hybrid with the lowest mean rust rating, `Green Giant Code 27'. Thirty-two hybrids were intermediate in reaction to P. sorghi virulent against Rp1-D. Reactions were moderately resistant for nine hybrids with mean standardized scores below -0.50, including two moderately resistant, non-Rp hybrids (`GG Code 27' and `GG Code 6') that were included as controls. Additional trials are necessary to confirm reactions of these hybrids. If the Rp-hybrids that were moderately susceptible or susceptible in this trial are infected by P. sorghi virulent against Rp1-D, secondary inoculum will be abundant and infection will be severe if the weather is wet.

scholarly journals Silk Abscission in Two Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids That Differ in Susceptibility to Common Smut Infection of Ears

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1409-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerald K. Pataky ◽  
Paul M. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Ear Infection ◽  
Time Period

Host resistance is the most efficient way to control common smut (Ustilago maydis) in sweet corn, but resistance to U. maydis is not understood well. All meristematic tissues are susceptible, but infection is localized. Ear galls result from infection of ovaries. Infection and resistance can be affected by plant morphology. For example, ovaries are protected from U. maydis infection when an abscission zone forms at the base of the silk 6–24 h after a pollen tube reaches an ovary. The objective of this study was to determine if the rate of silk abscission differed between two related sweet corn hybrids that differed in susceptibility to smut infection of ears. The two hybrids, Green Giant Code 3 (GG3) and Green Giant Code 46 (GG46), were evaluated for the occurrence of infected ears in 58 paired plots at four locations near Le Sueur, MN, from 1993 to 1999. The rate of silk abscission in the two hybrids was evaluated in two field trials in Urbana, IL, in 2002 and 2004. Incidence and severity of ear smut were significantly (P < 0.05) greater and about twice as much on GG3 than on GG46. Silk abscission was more rapid on GG46 than on GG3. Although this association does not prove that decreased susceptibility of GG46 to ear infection is due to silk abscission, it is a logical basis from which to hypothesize that silk dynamics and other aspects of maize floral biology play important roles in resistance to ear infection by minimizing the time period that all ovaries on an ear are exposed to infection by U. maydis. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to the results of this and other research.

Yield and fruit quality of four sweet corn hybrids (Zea mays ) under conventional and integrated fertilization with vermicompost

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 1244-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Lazcano ◽  
Pedro Revilla ◽  
Rosa Ana Malvar ◽  
Jorge Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Corn Hybrids

scholarly journals Variation Associated with Silk Channel Inoculation for Common Smut of Sweet Corn

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 727-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey J. du Toit ◽  
Jerald K. Pataky
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

Efforts at breeding for resistance to common smut of maize (Zea mays), caused by Ustilago maydis, are hampered by the lack of a reliable and efficient method of inoculation. Silk channel injection is one of the most efficient methods of inoculating for ear galls but is less consistent than acceptable for accurate assessment of the response of genotypes. The objective of this study was to examine how the silk channel inoculation method can be modified to reduce variation while maintaining efficiency for large-scale field inoculations. Variation associated with inoculum concentration and variation among people inoculating were examined. Incidence and severity of symptomatic ears increased with inoculum concentration. Concentrations between 105 and 106 sporidia/ml are recommended. Variation among people was greater than variation among inoculum concentrations. Incidence and severity ratings were lower for people inexperienced at inoculating with U. maydis than for experienced people. Variation among people inoculating can be controlled by appropriate experimental design.

scholarly journals Response of Eight Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids to Topramezone

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
John Zandstra ◽  
John O'Sullivan ◽  
Darren E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Initial Sensitivity

Topramezone is a newly introduced herbicide for use in field corn (Zea mays L.) that may have potential for weed management in sweet corn. Tolerance of eight sweet corn hybrids to topramezone applied postemergence (POST) at 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 300 g a.i. ha− 1 were studied at one Ontario location in 2000 and two locations in 2001 and 2002. Topramezone applied POST at 50, 75, 100, and 150 g·ha− 1 did not cause any visual injury in Calico Belle, CNS 710, Delmonte 2038, FTF 222, FTF 246, GH 2684, Reveille, and Rival sweet corn hybrids at 7 days after treatment (DAT) and caused minimal injury (less than 5%) at 300 g·ha− 1 in all hybrids. The initial sensitivity observed in these hybrids was minimal and transient with no effect on visual injury at 14 and 28 DAT. Topramezone applied POST did not reduce plant height, cob size, or marketable yield of the sweet corn hybrids included in this study. Based on these results, topramezone applied POST at the rates evaluated can be safely applied to Calico Belle, CNS 710, Delmonte 2038, FTF 222, FTF 246, GH 2684, Reveille, and Rival sweet corn.

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