scholarly journals RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAF AREA AND TRUNK DIAMETER OF APPLE TREES AFFECTED BY ROOTSTOCK AN D CULTIVAR

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169c-1169
Author(s):  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
Renae E. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Old Trees

Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) has been used to estimate leaf area (LA) and yield efficiency but variation in LA and TCA relationships have been unexplored. LA and TCA of 10-yr-old 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on 9 rootstocks (STKs) were measured in 1989. LA and TCA of 2-yr-old trees of 3 cultivars (CVs) on 5 STKs were measured in 1991. Regression of LA and TCA was performed for each CV, STK and each CV/STK. On mature trees, LA varied significantly with STK. The number and LA of shoot leaves (LVS) and spur LVS varied with STK but the % of total was not significantly different (approx. 52% spur LVS). The relationships of LA and TCA were linear for mature (r2=.94) and young (r2=.44) trees. On young trees, TCA varied with CV, but LA did not. Both LA and TCA were significantly different among STKs. The linear relationships of LA and TCA had unique intercepts with each CV, STK and CV/STK combination but slopes were not significantly different. Leaf area of Jonagold' and 'Gala' tended to increase more with increasing TCA than 'Empire'.

Leaf area – sapwood cross-sectional area relationships in repressed stands of lodgepole pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane ◽  
G. F. Weetman
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Individual Trees

To better understand the phenomenon of growth "stagnation" in high-density lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.), leaf area and its relationship with sapwood cross-sectional area were examined on both an individual tree and stand basis. Leaf areas of individual trees in a 22-year-old stand varied from 30.8 m2 (dominants in stands of low stocking) to 0.05 m2 (suppressed trees in stands of high stocking). Leaf area indices ranged from 13.4 to 2.3 m2 m−2 between low and high stocking levels, respectively. Over the same stocking range, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood cross-sectional area was reduced from 0.3 to 0.15 m2 cm−2. Intraring wood density profiles showed that ovendry density increased from 0.52 to 0.7 g cm−3 and the proportion of early wood decreased over a stocking level range of 6500–109 000 trees/ha. A reduction in hydraulic conductivity in the stems of stagnant trees, suggested by the greater proportion of narrow-diameter tracheids present, may lead to a greater resistance to water transport within the boles of trees from stagnant stands, leading to low leaf areas.

Estimating leaf area of Abieslasiocarpa across ranges of stand density and site quality

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 930-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Long ◽  
Frederick W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
Stand Conditions

For a given species, differences in the relation between leaf area and sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height have been attributed to the effects of varying stand density and site quality. When leaf area of Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. is estimated as a function of sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height and distance from breast height to the midpoint of the crown, the apparent effects of stand density and site quality are eliminated. A comparison of these results with those for Pinuscontorta Dougl. suggests this model form should provide unbiased estimates of leaf area for a variety of species and stand conditions.

scholarly journals 602 PB 214 GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF ALMOND TREES AS AFFECTED BY PEACH AND PEACH-ALMOND HYBRID ROOTSTOCKS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 518d-518
Author(s):  
Warren C. Micke ◽  
Mark W. Freeman ◽  
James T. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Peach Rootstocks ◽  
Central San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Planted Tree

A replicated rootstock trial for almond was established in 1986 in the central San Joaquin Valley, a major almond growing area for this most widely planted tree crop in California. `Nonpareil', the major cultivar in California, was used for this trial with `Fritz' grown as the pollenizing cultivar. Two standard rootstocks for almond, `Nemaguard' and `Lovell' peach, were compared to two newer peach-almond hybrid rootstocks, `Bright's' and `Hansen'. After eight years both hybrid rootstocks produced significantly larger trees than the peach rootstocks, based on trunk cross-sectional area. Trees on hybrid rootstocks frequently produced greater yields than those on peach rootstocks; although, differences were not always significant. However, there were generally no significant differences in production per trunk cross-sectional area (yield efficiency). Thus, increased production by trees on hybrid rootstock was the result of larger tree size and not an inherent increase in productive efficiency of the tree itself. Since trees on hybrid rootstock should be planted further apart than those on peach, production per hectare should not be significantly increased, at least under good growing conditions as represented in this trial.

scholarly journals Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees on Dwarf and Semi-dwarf Rootstocks in Different High-density Orchards

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 473B-473
Author(s):  
A.S. Devyatov
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
High Density ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Very High ◽  
Dwarf Rootstocks

An orchard trial was established by planting an orchard with between-row intervals of 4 m. The French Axe was trained for trees with intervals in the row of 1 and 1.5 m. The hedgerow was used for treatments of 2–2.5 and 3 m between trees in the row. Semi-dwarf rootstock of Bud54-118 and dwarf one Bud62-396 were used. The growth of of these rootstocks was analogous to MM106 and M26, respectively. The trunk cross-sectional area of 7-year trees on 54-118 rootstock was 2.3 times more than on 62-396 for cv. Antey and 1.5 times more for cv. Tellisaare. The height of tree with French Axe crown at 7 years after planting on 54-118 rootstock reached 3.5–4 m. The height of tree was 0.5 m smaller on 62-396. The crown habit of tree on 62-396 rootstock was more comfortable for high -density orchard than trees on 54-118. The sum length of twigs that were cut out during 1993–96 to attain of normal density of crown was 2-4 times more than on 62-396 rootstock. Commercial fruiting of cv. Antey started at the 3rd leaf, but it was on 4th leaf for the more-dwarf rootstock 62-396. Average yield of fruit at 3–6 years after planting of cv. Antey for treatment of distance between trees in the row of 2 or 1.5 m was 6.8 kg/tree per year-1 for 54-118 rootstock, 3.4 and 3.5, respectively, for 62-396 rootstock. Yield at the 7th year after planting reached 24 and 32 kg on 54-118 rootstock, 16 and 15 kg on 62-396, respectively. Analogous date obtained for cv. Tellisa are. cv. Spartan on both rootstocks started to fruiting at 5-6 years after planting. The fruit quality was very high in all treatments of the trial.

scholarly journals Flow-regulating capacity of forest belts in connection with their taxation characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Ivonin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Forest Belts

Purpose: to investigate the flow-regulating role of forest belts in connection with their taxation characteristics. Methods: artificial sprinkling of soils under the forest belts canopy. Results. Pseudoacacia robinia prevails in the forest belts in Rostov region (basin of the Kundryuchya river, ordinary chernozems). By the age of 35, this species can reach an average height of 12 m, an average diameter of 12 cm. Regression equations for the relationship of the runoff coefficients with the average height of Robinia pseudoacacia and its average diameter, wood reserves of forest belts and cross-sectional areas of trunks were obtained. These taxation characteristics determine the precipitation absorption intensity through the tree waste bulk and forest flor, root saturation, water-physical and chemical properties of the topsoil, which change with the age of plantings. When the age of 20 years is exceeded, the forest belts will completely absorb high intensity rainfall. At this age, the Robinia pseudoacacia will exceed the average height of 9.4 m, and its average trunk diameter will approach 10 cm. At the same time, the stock of raw wood in the forest belt will reach 57 m³/ha, and the cross-sectional area of the trunks – 11 m²/ha. The functional relationship between soil erosion and runoff coefficients confirms the close relationship between soil erosion and the main taxation characteristics of forest belts. The analysis of these relationships showed that storm erosion of soil under the forest canopy is completely absent when the taxation indicators reach the following values: the average Robinia height is 9 m, the average trunk diameter is 9.2 cm, the stock of wood is 46 m³/ha, the cross-sectional area of the trunks is 10.2 m²/ha. Conclusions. By the age of the forest belts 20 years, the runoff under the forest canopy will be completely regulated, and there will be no soil erosion. Forest belts older 20 years need to enhance their flow-regulating capacity by combining them along the lower edge with the simplest hydraulic structures.

Influence of fertilization on the allometric relations for two pines in contrasting environments

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1704-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stith T. Gower ◽  
Brent E. Haynes ◽  
Karin S. Fassnacht ◽  
Steve W. Running ◽  
E. Raymond Hunt Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Allometric Relations ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fertilization on the allometric relations for red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) growing in contrasting climates. After 2 years of treatment, fertilization did not significantly affect the allometric relations between stem or branch mass and stem diameter for either species. For a similar-diameter tree, current foliage mass and area and new twig mass were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine and ponderosa pine. The significant increase in new foliage mass and area occurred in the upper and middle canopy for red pine and middle and lower canopy for ponderosa pine. For a similar-diameter tree, projected (one-sided) leaf area and total foliage mass were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine. However, leaf area and total foliage mass did not differ between similar-diameter fertilized and control ponderosa pine because fertilization decreased leaf longevity. The ratios of leaf area/sapwood cross-sectional area measured at breast height (1.37 m) were 0.14 and 0.11 for control plus fertilized red pine and ponderosa pine, respectively, and were greater (but not significantly) for fertilized than for control trees, while the ratios of leaf area/sapwood cross-sectional area measured at the base of live crown were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine and ponderosa pine.

scholarly journals A Method for Quantifying Whole-tree Pruning Severity in Mature Tall Spindle Apple Plantings

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1233-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Schupp ◽  
H. Edwin Winzeler ◽  
Thomas M. Kon ◽  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Tara A. Baugher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Whole Tree

Pruning is the cutting away of vegetation from plants for horticultural purposes. Pruning is known to reduce apple tree size, increase fruit size and quality, and decrease yield. Methods for studying the effects of varying degrees of severity of pruning on a whole-tree basis have used qualitative descriptions of treatments rather than repeatable whole-tree quantitative metrics. In this study, we introduce a pruning severity index calculated from the sum of the cross-sectional area of all branches on a tree at 2.5 cm from their union to the central leader divided by the cross-sectional area of its central leader at 30 cm from the graft union. This limb to trunk ratio (LTR) was then modified by successively removing the largest branches of ‘Buckeye Gala’ to achieve six severity levels ranging from LTR 0.5 to LTR 1.75, with lower values representing more extreme pruning with less whole-tree limb area relative to trunk area. Pruning treatments were applied for three consecutive years and tree growth and cropping responses were observed for the first 2 years. With increasing pruning severity the following characteristics increased after seasonal growth: number of renewal limbs, number of shoots, shoot length, number of shoot leaves, shoot leaf area, final fruit set, fruit size, yield of large fruit, crop value from large fruit, soluble solids, and titratable acidity. The following characteristics decreased: limb age, number of secondary limbs, number of spurs, number of spur leaves, spur leaf area, the ratio of spur leaf area to shoot leaf area, fruit count per tree, yield, yield efficiency, crop value from small fruit, overall crop value, and sugar:acid ratio. The LTR provides a measurable way to define and create different levels of pruning severity and achieve consistent outcomes. This allows a greater degree of accuracy and precision to dormant pruning of tall spindle apple trees. The use of the LTR to establish the level of pruning severity allows the orchard manager to set crop load potential through regulation of the canopy bearing surface. This metric is also a necessary step in the development of autonomous pruning systems.

scholarly journals Production Method and Irrigation Effects Postplanting Root Morphology of Quercus virginiana

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 605f-606
Author(s):  
Michael D. Marshall ◽  
Edward F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Irrigation Effects

Quercus virginiana trees were container-grown (CG) or field-grown (FG) to a mean trunk diameter of 9.4 cm (3.7 inches), transplanted into sandy soil, and established with frequent or periodic irrigation. Three years after transplanting, trees were harvested with a 1.5-m- (60-inch-) diameter tree spade. Root number and root cross-sectional area was evaluated at the periphery of the tree spade-dug root ball. Despite similar increases in trunk diameter, FG trees had greater root number and root cross-sectional area than CG trees. The increase in root cross-sectional area occurred for roots 5 to 20 mm in diameter at the 0- to 25-cm and 75- to 100-cm soil depths. Irrigation frequency after transplanting had no effect on root number in FG trees; however, root number in CG trees decreased without frequent irrigation.

scholarly journals Cropping Efficiency of Young `Fuji' Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 886A-886
Author(s):  
Preston K. Andrews ◽  
Margaret L. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Fuji Apple

Effects of crop load and time of thinning on productivity of young `Fuji'/M.9 apple trees were tested by hand blossom (B) or fruit (F) thinning to two crop densities (fruit number/trunk cross-sectional area). Heavy (H) crop densities resulted in higher yields in both 2nd and 3rd leaf than light (L) crop densities. Time of thinning had no effect on yields in either year. In the 2nd leaf, fruit size was largest from trees B thinned to L crop densities, and smallest from trees F thinned to either crop density from mid-June through harvest. Both 1° and 2° vegetative growth were greatest in noncropped trees, intermediate in trees with L crops, and least in trees with H crops. Noncropped 2nd-1eaf trees had the highest flowering indices (flower clusters/100 total buds) the following spring and H cropped trees had the lowest. The flowering index was higher when trees were B thinned in the 2nd leaf than when F thinned. In the 3rd leaf, fruit size was largest when borne on weak upright shoots, intermediate on spurs, and smallest on 1-year-old terminal wood. Fruit on spurs had the highest incidence of sunscald (17%) and fruit on weak upright shoots the lowest (8%). Previous-season crop densities affected current-season's vegetative and fruit growth.

PERFORMANCE OF McINTOSH APPLE TREES SPRAYED WITH CAPTAN, DODINE OR PRE-COVER AND COVER SPRAYS OF DICHLONE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ross ◽  
A. D. Crowe ◽  
R. P. Longley
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
One Year

A five-year study was conducted on the effect of captan, dodine and dichlone on the performance of mature McIntosh apple trees. There were no significant differences in yield, trunk cross-sectional area, amount of bloom, fruit size and fruit color. Dodine injured 0.5% of the fruit in one year of the test and pre-cover sprays of dichlone caused some fruit russeting. The results indicate that any harmful effect of dichlone on yield occurs from pre-cover applications, or pre-cover followed by cover sprays.

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