scholarly journals Reducing Superficial Scald of Apples and Pear with Naturally Occurring Triterpenoid Compounds

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 792B-792
Author(s):  
Eric A. Curry
Keyword(s):  
Skin Disorder ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Grade Material ◽  
Fruit Surface ◽  
Dark Room

Superficial scald is a physiological skin disorder of apples and pears that develops in cold storage and that often increases in severity after the fruit is removed. It is thought to be associated with the accumulation of farnesene in the epithelial tissue. Currently used methods of controlling scald are diphenylamine (DPA) drenches, and controlled atmosphere (CA) to a limited extent. In order to expand the methods available to control scald, we have been investigating the potential of a number of naturally occurring compounds applied to the fruit surface by drenching or by topical application. Fruit were treated either by wiping the fruit surface with technical-grade material and then removing the excess, drenching whole fruit in aqueous emulsions, or drenching fruit in combinations of heat plus emulsion. After treatment, the fruit was air-dried for 30 min and then placed either in regular or CA storage for 6 months, after which time they were placed in a dark room at 68F for 7 days. Scald was evaluated and fruit condition assessed. Results from 3 years indicate farnesene and squalene reduce scald in apples and pears.

Characterization of chitin preparations using powder and film X-ray diffraction methods

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Deschamps
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Purification Procedure ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Natural Polysaccharide ◽  
Different Sources

Chitin is a natural polysaccharide found in many diverse phyla and almost always occurs in association with protein. In this study the chitin polymer is characterized by X-ray diffraction from its naturally occurring unprocessed state through various steps used in the purification procedure. In addition, the effect of different treatments on the final product is examined. These studies show that native chitin has a characteristic diffraction pattern that is not altered by the mild treatments used to isolate relatively pure chitin. Chitins prepared from different sources exhibit the same characteristic diffraction pattern. In addition, chitin films prepared using non-degrading solvents retain most of the characteristic patterns. De-acylation of chitin to produce chitosan results in large changes to the diffraction pattern. To a very limited extent features present in the diffraction pattern of native chitin can be recovered by re-acylation of chitosan.

Effect of maturity, carbon dioxide and storage duration on controlled atmosphere stored Jonathan apples

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Little ◽  
ID Peggie ◽  
HJ Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Flesh Browning ◽  
And Storage

Jonathan apples stored at 0�C in an atmosphere of 0 per cent CO2 and 2.5 per cent O2were softer, more yellow and more susceptible to breakdown and superficial scald but less susceptible to flesh browning than where CO2 was 3 per cent. Increasing the CO2 from 3 to 6 per cent did not greatly affect fruit firmness or yellow colouring but did increase susceptibility to flesh browning and breakdown. Air stored fruit were more susceptible to superficial scald and breakdown but did not develop flesh browning. Flesh browning and breakdown decreased as picks were made earlier, but the effectiveness of maturity as a control measure was limited by loss of flavour where harvesting was too early.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Pesticides Industry and its Marketing Environment

1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
U K Srivastava ◽  
N T Patel
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Product Mix ◽  
Marketing Environment ◽  
Major Market ◽  
Grade Material

The pesticides industry has grown by 7.6 per cent during the last 20 years. It has also undergone a structural change from low value products to high value products. The major constituents of this industry are technical grade material manufacturers, formulators, and dealers. In this article, U K Srivastava and N T Patel analyse the growth of the pesticides industry, the changes in the product mix, the problems of the constituents, and the marketing scenario. According to them, there is vast scope for accelerating pesticides consumption by diversifying to hitherto untapped regions and crops. This, however, calls for a major market development effort on the part of the industry.

Patulin Production in Apples Stored in a Controlled Atmosphere

1975 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 912-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Lovett ◽  
Ruben G Thompson ◽  
Brenda K Boutin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Apple Tissue ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

Abstract Red Delicious apples were inoculated with Penicillium expansum NRRL 973 or P. expansutn 1071 (fresh apple isolate), and incubated in air at 33°F and in a controlled atmosphere of 1% carbon dioxide, 3% oxygen, and 96% nitrogen at 33°F. Both fungal strains produced the carcinogen, patulin, in the air-incubated lots, but only the freshly isolated strain (1071) produced detectable patulin in controlled atmosphere lots. Thin layer chromatography was used to assay ethyl acetate extracts of juice pressed from blended apple tissue. We conclude that naturally occurring P. expansum strains are capable of producing significant levels of patulin in apples stored from 3 to 6 months under controlled atmospheric conditions.

Oil Spill Dispersants

1999 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Fiocco ◽  
Alun Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Oil Spill Dispersants

Introduction: The purpose of any oil spill response is to minimise the damage that could be caused by the spill. Dispersants are one of the limited number of practical responses that are available to respond to oil spills at sea.When oil is spilled at sea, a small proportion will be naturally dispersed by the mixing action caused by waves. This process can be slow and proceed to only a limited extent for most situations. Dispersants are used to accelerate the removal of oil from the surface of the sea by greatly enhancing the rate of natural dispersion of oil and thus prevent it from coming ashore. Dispersed oil will also be more rapidly biodegraded by naturally occurring microorganisms. The rationale for dispersant use is that dispersed oil is likely to have less overall environmental impact than oil that persists on the surface of the sea, drifts and eventually contaminates the shoreline. The development of modern dispersants began after the Torrey Canyon oil spill in 1967. Many lessons have been learned since that spill, and consequently the modern dispersants and application techniques in use today have become an effective way of responding to an oil spill. For example, the dispersant response to the Sea Empress spill in 1996 demonstrated that dispersants can be very effective and prevent a much greater amount of environmental damage from being caused (6). This chapter describes the chemistry and physics of dispersants, planning and decision-making considerations, and finally their practical application and operational use in oil spill response.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF UV ABSORBANCE BY HEXANE EXTRACTS OF APPLE SURFACES SUGGEST A MODIFIED HYPOTHESIS ON THE ROLE OF CONJUGATED TRIENES IN SCALD DEVELOPMENT ON APPLES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159d-1159
Author(s):  
Zhanyuan Du ◽  
William J. Bramlage
Keyword(s):  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Conjugated Trienes ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Fruit Surface

Much correlative data support the hypothesis that superficial scald on apples results from oxidation of α farnesene to conjugated trienes (CT) in the coating of apples. However, these associations are poorly defined both chemically and physiologically. α Farnesene and CT are measured as OD 232 and OD 281-290, respectively, of a hexane extract of the fruit surface. During assays, we observed anomalies in absorbance characteristics of extracts from fruit with different scald potentials, particularly in the region of 258 nm. Results suggest that absorbance near 258 nm might represent a metabolite of CT, which may be further metabolized. It appeared that under different conditions, CT metabolism could be altered, resulting in changed ratios of OD 258/OD 281. Higher ratios correlated with lower scald development, regardless of CT concentration. Thus, CT metabolism, rather than its concentration, may determine if scald occurs.

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