scholarly journals Responses of Tolerant and Susceptible Kentucky Bluegrass Germplasm to Salt Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Shaun Bushman ◽  
Lijun Wang ◽  
Xin Dai ◽  
Alpana Joshi ◽  
Joseph G. Robins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Ionic Stress ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Eventual Death

Much of semiarid western North America is salt affected, and using turfgrasses in salty areas can be challenging. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is relatively susceptible to salt stress, showing reduced growth, osmotic and ionic stress, and eventual death at moderate or high salt concentrations. Considerable variation exists for salt tolerance among kentucky bluegrass germplasm, but gaining consistency among studies and entries has been a challenge. In this study, two novel kentucky bluegrass accessions recently reported as salt tolerant (PI 371768 and PI 440603) and two cultivars commonly used as references (Baron and Midnight) were compared for their turf quality (TQ), stomatal conductance (gS), leaf water potential (ψLEAF), electrolyte leakage (EL), and accumulation of inorganic ions under salt stress. TQ, ψLEAF, and EL were highly correlated with each other while only moderately correlated with gS. The tolerant accessions showed higher ψLEAF and lower EL than the cultivars Midnight and Baron at increasing salt concentrations and over 28 days of treatment. The accumulation of sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) in the leaves was highly correlated and did not vary significantly among the four entries. Genes involved in ion transport across membranes, and in antioxidant activities, were significantly induced on salt stress in the tolerant accessions relative to the susceptible. These data indicate the ability of tolerant accessions to ameliorate oxidative stress and prevent EL, and confirmed the tolerance of germplasm previously reported on while indicating mechanisms by which they tolerate the salt stress.

scholarly journals Salt Stress-induced Injury is Associated with Hormonal Alteration in Kentucky Bluegrass

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Wenli Wu ◽  
Erik H. Ervin ◽  
Chao Shang ◽  
Kim Harich
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenosine

Plant hormones play an important role in plant adaptation to abiotic stress, but hormonal responses of cool-season turfgrass species to salt stress are not well documented. This study was carried out to investigate the responses of hormones to salt stress and examine if salt stress-induced injury was associated with hormonal alteration in kentucky bluegrass (KBG, Poa pratensis L.). The grass was grown in a growth chamber for 6 weeks and then subjected to salt stress (170 mm NaCl) for 28 days. Salt stress caused cell membrane damage, resulting in photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll (Chl), and turf quality decline in KBG. Salt stress increased leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA/cytokinin (CK) ratio; reduced trans-zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyl adenosine (iPA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but did not affect gibberellin A4 (GA4). On average, salt stress reduced ZR by 67.4% and IAA by 58.6%, whereas it increased ABA by 398.5%. At the end of the experiment (day 28), turf quality, Pn, and stomatal conductance (gs) were negatively correlated with ABA and ABA/CK ratio, but positively correlated with ZR, iPA, and IAA. Electrolyte leakage (EL) was positively correlated with ABA and ABA/CK and negatively correlated with ZR, iPA, IAA, and GA4. GA4 was also positively correlated with turf quality and gs. The results of this study suggest that salt stress-induced injury of the cell membrane and photosynthetic function may be associated with hormonal alteration and imbalance in KBG.

scholarly journals Improvement of Salt Tolerance in Kentucky Bluegrass by Trinexapac-ethyl

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1163-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Arghavani ◽  
Mohsen Kafi ◽  
Mesbah Babalar ◽  
Roohangiz Naderi ◽  
Md. Anamul Hoque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Ga Biosynthesis

Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) is a popular plant growth regulator in the turfgrass industry that inhibits gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis and effectively reduces leaf elongation and subsequent clipping production. This greenhouse sand culture experiment was conducted to determine effects of TE application on kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) responses to salinity stress. The five salinity levels (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mm NaCl) were applied in nutrient solutions and TE treatments (0, 1, and 1.7 g/100 m2) were applied twice at 4-week intervals. Under non-saline conditions and low level salinity conditions, application of TE at 1 g/100 m2 (TE1) increased turf quality (TQ), leaf total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC), and chlorophyll (Chl) content. In high salinity, TE1 alleviated the decline in TQ, antioxidant enzyme activities, leaf TNC, Chl, and K+ content. In addition, treated turf with TE at 1 g/100 m2 had lower proline, Na+, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. However, the adverse effects of high salinities were more pronounced when turf was treated by TE at 1.7 g/100 m2 (TE1.7), suggesting that effects of TE on salt tolerance vary with its dosages and salinity levels. We concluded that moderate inhibition of GA biosynthesis by TE enhances salt tolerance in kentucky bluegrass and suggest that enhancement is the result of the maintenance of antioxidant activities, leading to more root growth and greater levels of TNC and Chl content. Chemical names used: 4-(cyclopropyl-β-hydroxymethylene)-3, 5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (trinexapac-ethyl).

Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) in Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) Turf with Linuron

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 852-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Hall ◽  
C. Ken Carey
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Severe Reduction

Effects of linuron on annual bluegrass control and Kentucky bluegrass cultivar tolerance were studied in field and growth chamber experiments. In controlled environment experiments, linuron at 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 kg ai ha-1 was applied to pure stands of annual bluegrass and eight Kentucky bluegrass cultivars. Linuron at the two highest rates controlled annual bluegrass, reducing the clipping dry weight by more than 85% 4 wk after treatment, and by 65 to 92% 6 wk after treatment. Growth of Kentucky bluegrass was reduced with the most severe reduction occurring 2 wk after linuron application. All cultivars exhibited normal growth 8 wk after treatment. In field experiments, linuron at rates from 1.5 to 2.0 kg ai ha-1 controlled annual bluegrass in old (> 5 yr) Kentucky bluegrass stands, and in 16 cultivars of 1-yr and 2-yr-old Kentucky bluegrass stands, with little or no damage. At rates of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kg ai ha-1 linuron, damage to newly seeded cultivars was moderate to severe. However, 6 to 7 wk after linuron application to newly seeded cultivars, stand density and turf quality were equivalent to untreated checks.

Effects of Natural Zeolite to Reduce Salt Stress in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Marzieh Negahban ◽  
◽  
Sajedeh Saeedfar ◽  
Darioush Ramezan ◽  
Moazzam Hassanpour Asil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass

S nutrition alleviates salt stress by maintaining the assemblage of photosynthetic organelles in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyun Park ◽  
Bok-Rye Lee ◽  
Jeong-Hyun Lee ◽  
Tae-Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass

scholarly journals Silicon Application Increases Drought Tolerance of Kentucky Bluegrass by Improving Plant Water Relations and Morphophysiological Functions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shah Saud ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Plant Water Relations ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Turf Quality

Drought stress encumbers the growth of turfgrass principally by disrupting the plant-water relations and physiological functions. The present study was carried out to appraise the role of silicon (Si) in improving the drought tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.). Drought stress and four levels (0, 200, 400, and 800 mg L−1) of Si (Na2SiO3·9H2O) were imposed after 2 months old plants cultured under glasshouse conditions. Drought stress was found to decrease the photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water content, relative growth rate, water use efficiency, and turf quality, but to increase in the root/shoot and leaf carbon/nitrogen ratio. Such physiological interferences, disturbances in plant water relations, and visually noticeable growth reductions in Kentucky bluegrass were significantly alleviated by the addition of Si after drought stress. For example, Si application at 400 mg L−1significantly increased the net photosynthesis by 44%, leaf water contents by 33%, leaf green color by 42%, and turf quality by 44% after 20 days of drought stress. Si application proved beneficial in improving the performance of Kentucky bluegrass in the present study suggesting that manipulation of endogenous Si through genetic or biotechnological means may result in the development of drought resistance in grasses.

scholarly journals Silicon Effects on Poa pratensis Responses to Salinity

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1876-1881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Chai ◽  
Xinqing Shao ◽  
Jianquan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Individual Leaf ◽  
Turf Quality

Understanding turfgrass response to silicon (Si) application under salinity conditions is important to find a way to improve turfgrass salt tolerance for turf management. The objective of the study was to investigate effects of increasing amendment concentrations of Na2SiO3 on turf growth and distribution of Na+ and K+ in seedlings of kentucky bluegrass (KBG) (Poa pratensis L.) under salinity stress. This growth chamber experiment was consisted of a control (no salinity and no Si) and five Si amendment treatments (0, 0.24, 0.48, 0.72, and 0.96 g Si/kg saline soil) under 10 g·kg−1 salinity conditions. Seed germination rate was significantly increased after 12 d under 0.48 g·kg−1 Si treatment. Plant height and canopy coverage were increased under 0.72 g·kg−1 Si treatment after 40 and 44 d of treatment, respectively, and tiller number was increased under 0.96 g·kg−1 Si treatment compared with 0 Si under saline conditions. With the supplement of Si at 0.48 to 0.96 g·kg−1, the ratio of Na+/K+ in shoots was decreased and individual leaf area was increased compared with 0 Si under saline conditions. The increase in individual leaf area was mainly the result of the increase in the leaf blade length. The concentration of K+ in shoots was significantly increased, whereas the concentrations of Na+ in roots were significantly decreased under all Si amendment treatments. The content of K+ was higher in shoots than in roots, but the ratio of Na+/K+ in roots was higher than in shoots in all Si amendment treatments. The results indicate that under saline conditions, Si induced the transfer of K+ from roots to shoots but inhibited the absorption and transfer of Na+, which may contribute to better turf quality and growth with Si treatment under saline conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of Abscisic Acid on Drought Responses of Kentucky Bluegrass

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolong Wang ◽  
Bingru Huang ◽  
Qingzhang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Exogenous Aba ◽  
Turf Quality

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important hormone regulating plant response to drought stress. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of exogenous ABA application on turf performance and physiological activities of kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) in response to drought stress. Plants of two kentucky bluegrass cultivars, `Brilliant' (drought susceptible) and `Midnight' (drought tolerant), were treated with ABA (100 μm) or water by foliar application and then grown under drought stress (no irrigation) or well-watered (irrigation on alternate days) conditions in a growth chamber. The two cultivars responded similarly to ABA application under both watering regimes. Foliar application of ABA had no effects on turf quality or physiological parameters under well-watered conditions. ABA application, however, helped maintain higher turf quality and delayed the quality decline during drought stress, compared to the untreated control. ABA-treated plants exposed to drought stress had higher cell membrane stability, as indicated by less electrolyte leakage of leaves, and higher photochemical efficiency, expressed as Fv/Fm, compared to untreated plants. Leaf water potential was not significantly affected, whereas leaf turgor pressure increased with ABA application after 9 and 12 d of drought. Osmotic adjustment increased with ABA application, and was sustained for a longer period of drought in `Midnight' than in `Brilliant'. The results suggested that exogenous ABA application improved turf performance during drought in both drought-sensitive and tolerant cultivars of kentucky bluegrass. This positive effect of ABA could be related to increased osmotic adjustment, cell turgor maintenance, and reduced damage to cell membranes and the photosynthetic system.

Choline-Mediated Lipid Reprogramming as a Dominant Salt Tolerance Mechanism in Grass Species Lacking Glycine Betaine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Weiting Lyu ◽  
Yanli Gao ◽  
Xiaxiang Zhang ◽  
Yan Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism

Abstract Choline, as a precursor of glycine betaine (GB) and phospholipids, is known to play roles in plant tolerance to salt stress, but the downstream metabolic pathways regulated by choline conferring salt tolerance are still unclear for non-GB-accumulating species. The objectives were to examine how choline affects salt tolerance in a non-GB-accumulating grass species and to determine major metabolic pathways of choline regulating salt tolerance involving GB or lipid metabolism. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) plants were subjected to salt stress (100 mM NaCl) with or without foliar application of choline chloride (1 mM) in a growth chamber. Choline or GB alone and the combined application increased leaf photochemical efficiency, relative water content and osmotic adjustment and reduced leaf electrolyte leakage. Choline application had no effects on the endogenous GB content and GB synthesis genes did not show responses to choline under nonstress and salt stress conditions. GB was not detected in Kentucky bluegrass leaves. Lipidomic analysis revealed an increase in the content of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and a decrease in the phosphatidic acid content by choline application in plants exposed to salt stress. Choline-mediated lipid reprogramming could function as a dominant salt tolerance mechanism in non-GB-accumulating grass species.

TOLERANCE OF SOME TURFGRASS SPECIES TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SALT IN SOILS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. CORDUKES ◽  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Salt Addition

Addition of CaCl2∙2H2O at the rate of 2,000 ppm to give a conductivity of 7.2 mmhos/cm in a saturated paste extract of three soils varying in texture from sand to clay loam had no apparent effects on the quality of turf of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra L., and perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., grown in pot tests. When the rate was increased to 8,000 ppm and the conductivity to about 20 mmhos/cm, the turfgrass deteriorated markedly in the clay loam and the sandy loam and to a lesser degree in the sand. All species reacted similarly to the detrimental effect of salt in the soils, and the deterioration in turf quality was accompanied by a decline in root production. The concentration of chloride in leaf tissue usually increased with increasing amounts of salt in the soils and tended to be highest in perennial ryegrass and lowest in creeping red fescue. At the higher rates of salt addition, the amounts of chloride in the turfgrass tended to be lower on the sand than on the other soils.

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