scholarly journals Sustained use of a household-scale water filtration device in rural Cambodia

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Brown ◽  
S. Proum ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Over Time

The effectiveness of point-of-use water treatment may be limited by declining use over time, particularly when water treatment is introduced via targeted intervention programmes. In order to evaluate the long-term uptake and use of locally produced ceramic water filters in rural Cambodia, we visited households that had received filters as part of NGO-subsidized distribution programmes over a 4 year period from 2002 to 2006. Of the more than 2,000 filters distributed, we visited 506 randomly selected households in 13 villages spanning three provinces to assess filter time in use and to collect data on factors potentially correlated with long-term use. Results indicate that filter use declined at the rate of approximately 2% per month after implementation, largely owing to breakages, and that, controlling for time since implementation, continued filter use over time was most closely positively associated with: related water, sanitation and hygiene practices in the home; cash investment in the technology by the household; and use of surface water as a primary drinking water source.

Hydraulic Modeling of Clay Ceramic Water Filters for Point-of-Use Water Treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Schweitzer ◽  
Jeffrey A. Cunningham ◽  
James R. Mihelcic
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters

scholarly journals Field Investigation and Economic Benefit of a Novel Method of Silver Application to Ceramic Water Filters for Point-Of-Use Water Treatment in Low-Income Settings

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Nkosinobubelo Ndebele ◽  
Joshua N. Edokpayi ◽  
John O. Odiyo ◽  
James A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Silver Nanoparticle ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters

In this study, we report on field testing of ceramic water filters (CWFs) fabricated using a new method of silver application (using silver nitrate as a raw material) compared to conventionally manufactured CWFs (fabricated with silver nanoparticles). Both types of filters were manufactured at the PureMadi ceramic filter production facility in Dertig, South Africa. Thirty households received filters fabricated with silver nitrate (AgNO3), and ten of those households were given an extra filter fabricated with silver nanoparticles. Filter performance was quantified by measurement of total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal and silver residual concentration in the effluent. Silver-nitrate CWFs had removal efficiencies for total coliforms and E. coli of 95% and 99%, respectively. A comparison of the performance of silver-nitrate and silver-nanoparticle filters showed that the different filters had similar levels of total coliform and E. coli removal, although the silver nitrate filters produced the highest average removal of 97% while silver nanoparticles filters recorded an average removal of 85%. Average effluent silver levels were below 10 ppb for the silver-nitrate and silver-nanoparticle filters, which was significantly below the Environmental Protection Agencies of the United States (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) secondary guidelines of 100 ppb. Silver-nitrate filters resulted in the lowest effluent silver concentrations, which could potentially increase the effective life span of the filter. A cost analysis shows that it is more economical to produce CWFs using silver nitrate due to a reduction in raw-material costs and reduced labor costs for production. Furthermore, the production of silver-nitrate filters reduces inhalation exposure of silver by workers. The results obtained from this study will be applied to improve the ceramic filtration technology as a point-of-use (POU) water treatment device and hence reduce health problems associated with microbial contamination of water stored at the household level.

3D-printed clay-based ceramic water filters for point-of-use water treatment applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akuemaho Virgile Onésime Akowanou ◽  
Hontonho Espérance Justine Deguenon ◽  
Leo Groendijk ◽  
Martin Pépin Aina ◽  
Benjamin Kouassi Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Water Filters

scholarly journals Adopting a Preparatory Strategy to Respond to Water Security Issues Arising from Geo-Hazards

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed McBean ◽  
Aili Yang ◽  
Huiyan Cheng ◽  
YiCheng Wu ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Security ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Opportunity To Respond ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Over Time

‘Geo-hazards’ is a collective term to describe hazards causing huge problems with human settlements, where the hazards are many and varied, including earthquakes, floods, windstorms, and drought, all of which are intensifying over time in large part due to climate change and population growth.  In particular, issues of availability of ‘safe’ water are major disruptive elements frequently causing widespread incidence of diarrheal diseases both during and post, geo-hazard events. In response, arguments are described which demonstrate ceramic water filters (CWFs) have credible potential to effectively remove E.-coli (and, by similar attribute characterization), are effective in the removal of cholera. Field experience in terms of removal have been demonstrated as 94.7% removal of E-coli and all users in some applications have expressed interest in continuing use of ceramic filters beyond the trial period. Arguments are put forth, for CWFs as a Point-of-Use (POU) technology by which they can be stored and rapidly disseminated given occurrence of geo-hazards, thereby providing the opportunity to respond quickly. CWFs can be effectively stored without deterioration, are inexpensive, and easy to train recipients for their post-geo-hazard occurrence.

Virus removal efficiency of ceramic water filters: effects of bentonite turbidity

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Farrow ◽  
Edward McBean ◽  
Hamidreza Salsali
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Cake Layer ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Water Filters

Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are utilized in many developing countries as point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices, to reduce waterborne pathogens in potable water. Virus removal efficiencies of several CWFs are investigated under various influent conditions using MS2 (ATCC: 15597-B1) as a surrogate phage for human enteric viruses. The addition of bentonite turbidity (6–8 NTU) in the influent source water showed increased viral removal efficiency of CWFs by 0.1–0.2 log compared to tests involving clear (<1 NTU) influents. Trials employing an applied clay cake layer, formed using highly turbid influent source water (100 NTU) and no cleaning regime between trials, resulted in viral removal efficiency values of 1.5–2.5 log, compared to 0.2–0.5 log during non-obstructed trials.

scholarly journals Point-of-Use Detection of Environmental Fluoride via a Cell-Free Riboswitch-Based Biosensor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Thavarajah ◽  
Adam D. Silverman ◽  
Matthew S. Verosloff ◽  
Nancy Kelley-Loughnane ◽  
Michael C. Jewett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Source ◽  
Free System ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Regulatory Standard ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Dna Template

AbstractAdvances in biosensor engineering have enabled the design of programmable molecular systems to detect a range of pathogens, nucleic acids, and chemicals. Here, we engineer and field-test a biosensor for fluoride, a major groundwater contaminant of global concern. The sensor consists of a cell-free system containing a DNA template that encodes a fluoride-responsive riboswitch regulating genes that produce a fluorescent or colorimetric output. Individual reactions can be lyophilized for long-term storage and detect fluoride at levels above 2 parts per million, the EPA’s most stringent regulatory standard, in both laboratory and field conditions. Through onsite detection of fluoride in a real-world water source, this work provides a critical proof-of-principle for the future engineering of riboswitches and other biosensors to address challenges for global health and the environment.

scholarly journals Performance of black ceramic water filters and their implementation in rural Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Guerrero-Latorre ◽  
Priscila Balseca-Enriquez ◽  
Carlos Moyota-Tello ◽  
Ronald Bravo-Camino ◽  
Stephanie Davila-Chavez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Field Level ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract In rural Ecuador, microbial water contamination is associated with child morbidity mainly due to gastroenteritis. Black ceramic water filters (BCWF) are a new household water treatment recently developed to improve microbial removal from the classical model implemented worldwide. This study has assessed BCWF microbial performance at laboratory level by continuous filtering of spiked water with microbial surrogates (Escherichia coli and MS2 bacteriophage) and highly contaminated surface water to evaluate physicochemical pollutants' removal. At field level, baseline studies in Nanegal and Gualea districts have been performed to evaluate water quality and hygiene practices among communities and a six-month BCWF field implementation study in the Santa Marianita community. Results revealed poor drinking water quality in communities studied. Water treatment practices at household level were reported in low percentages. Conversely, results in BCWF filter assays at laboratory level for 600 litres of usage have shown 5.36 logarithms of bacterial removal and 3.83 logarithms for viral removal and significant reductions of physicochemical pollutants considering international standards. BCWF implementation in the Santa Marianita community reveals promising results on microbial water quality in households using this new technology. However, it is important to reinforce correct BCWF maintenance for better performance at field level.

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