Cerebellum, GABA, and ataxia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lalonde ◽  
Catherine Strazielle
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxias ◽  
Gabaergic Transmission ◽  
Gaba Transmission

: Various clinical results are obtained regarding the effects of cerebellar GABA transmission on spinocerebellar ataxias. Based on animal studies, it is proposed that balanced GABAergic transmission between GABA and other neurotransmitters such as glutamate may lead to more promising results in treating such conditions.

scholarly journals Tissue engineering of urethra: Systematic review of recent literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 242 (18) ◽  
pp. 1772-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Žiaran ◽  
Martina Galambošová ◽  
L'uboš Danišovič
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Urethral Reconstruction

The purpose of this article was to perform a systematic review of the recent literature on urethral tissue engineering. A total of 31 articles describing the use of tissue engineering for urethra reconstruction were included. The obtained results were discussed in three groups: cells, scaffolds, and clinical results of urethral reconstructions using these components. Stem cells of different origin were used in many experimental studies, but only autologous urothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes were applied in clinical trials. Natural and synthetic scaffolds were studied in the context of urethral tissue engineering. The main advantage of synthetic ones is the fact that they can be obtained in unlimited amount and modified by different techniques, but scaffolds of natural origin normally contain chemical groups and bioactive proteins which increase the cell attachment and may promote the cell proliferation and differentiation. The most promising are smart scaffolds delivering different bioactive molecules or those that can be tubularized. In two clinical trials, only onlay-fashioned transplants were used for urethral reconstruction. However, the very promising results were obtained from animal studies where tubularized scaffolds, both non-seeded and cell-seeded, were applied. Impact statement The main goal of this article was to perform a systematic review of the recent literature on urethral tissue engineering. It summarizes the most recent information about cells, seeded or non-seeded scaffolds and clinical application with respect to regeneration of urethra.

Novel Unidirectional Porous β-Tricalcium Phosphate Used as a Bone Substitute after Excision of Benign Bone Tumors of the Hand: A Case Series

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 424-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Ikumi ◽  
Toru Funayama ◽  
Toshinori Tsukanishi ◽  
Hiroshi Noguchi ◽  
Masashi Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Bone Tumors ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Benign Bone Tumors ◽  
Tumors Of The Hand ◽  
Satisfactory Clinical Result

Unidirectional porous β-tricalcium phosphate (UDPTCP; Affinos®, Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan) has been in clinical use since 2015. Animal studies have confirmed the excellent potential of UDPTCP with regard to bone formation and material absorption. We present the first three clinical cases using UDPTCP as a bone substitute after curettage of benign bone tumors of the hand. All three patients were males, 29-, 30- and 81-years-old, two having a diagnosis of enchondroma and the other, a bone ganglion, with a pathological fracture identified in one case. Over a mean follow-up of 10 months, all patients achieved satisfactory clinical result, with no adverse events of UDPTCP noted. Radiographic evidence of good bone formation and material absorption was observable over the postoperative course. UDPTCP provided satisfactory clinical results, with good biocompatibility and fast resorption characteristics. Therefore, UDPTCP could provide a safe and reliable filling substitute for bone defects following curettage of small bone tumors.

scholarly journals Autologous fat grafting in keloids and hypertrophic scars: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 205951311770015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Lee ◽  
David J. Hunter-Smith ◽  
Warren Matthew Rozen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Fat Grafting ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Hypertrophic Scars ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Tissue Restoration ◽  
Injured Skin

Keloid and hypertrophic scars are unique human dermal fibroproliferative disorders of the injured skin and are associated with pain, itch and can cause functional limitations. A number of genetic, systemic and local factors have been identified in the formation of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Studies have shown that adipose-derived stem cells have angiogenic and antiapoptotic properties which has effects on wound healing, soft-tissue restoration and scar remodelling, and thus may have a role in managing keloid scaring. However, this role is not well described in the literature. A systemic review of available literature was thus undertaken, regarding the use of fat grafting in treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scarring. In total, 858 articles were identified, with ten studies ultimately fulfilling inclusion criteria. There were no studies specifically isolating the keloids and hypertrophic group of patients, and thus quantitative data were completely lacking from the literature. There were, however, individual cases described, and qualitatively encouraging clinical results were reported for the use of fat grafting on keloids and hypertrophic scars. Combined with the current theoretical and immunohistochemical understanding through other laboratory and animal studies, fat grafting may play a role in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scaring; however, specific evidence is currently lacking. The role for further research is clear.

scholarly journals Application of Stem Cells in Orthopedics

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schmitt ◽  
Martijn van Griensven ◽  
Andreas B. Imhoff ◽  
Stefan Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cartilage Repair ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Tendon Repair ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
And Cartilage

Stem cell research plays an important role in orthopedic regenerative medicine today. Current literature provides us with promising results from animal research in the fields of bone, tendon, and cartilage repair. While early clinical results are already published for bone and cartilage repair, the data about tendon repair is limited to animal studies. The success of these techniques remains inconsistent in all three mentioned areas. This may be due to different application techniques varying from simple mesenchymal stem cell injection up to complex tissue engineering. However, the ideal carrier for the stem cells still remains controversial. This paper aims to provide a better understanding of current basic research and clinical data concerning stem cell research in bone, tendon, and cartilage repair. Furthermore, a focus is set on different stem cell application techniques in tendon reconstruction, cartilage repair, and filling of bone defects.

scholarly journals The Role of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) and Other Biologics for Rotator Cuff Repair

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Greenspoon ◽  
Samuel G. Moulton ◽  
Peter J. Millett ◽  
Maximilian Petri
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Rotator Cuff Repair ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Cuff Repair

Background: Surgical treatment of rotator cuff tears has consistently demonstrated good clinical and functional outcomes. However, in some cases, the rotator cuff fails to heal. While improvements in rotator cuff constructs and biomechanics have been made, the role of biologics to aid healing is currently being investigated. Methods: A selective literature search was performed and personal surgical experiences are reported. Results: Biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repairs can for example be performed wtableith platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Clinical results on PRP application have been controversial. Application of MSCs has shown promise in animal studies, but clinical data on its effectiveness is presently lacking. The role of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors is another interesting field for potential targeted drug therapy after rotator cuff repair. Conclusions: Large randomized clinical studies need to confirm the benefit of these approaches, in order to eventually lower retear rates and improve clinical outcomes after rotator cuff repair.

Trigonal-ileal Anastomosis: Animal Studies Andpreliminary Clinical Results

1971 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry S. Pond ◽  
John H. Texter
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Clinical Results

Recombinant Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody (bsMAb) Against CD20 and CD22 Active In Vitro and In Vivo Against B-Cell Lymphomas.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2521-2521
Author(s):  
Zhengxing Qu ◽  
Thomas M. Cardillo ◽  
Victoria Shi ◽  
Diana L. Delaney ◽  
Hans J. Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Scid Mice ◽  
Membrane Microdomains ◽  
Complement Protein ◽  
Lymphoma Cells ◽  
Anti Cd20

Abstract Background: Preclinical and clinical results suggest improved anti-lymphoma activity of combining anti-CD20 and anti-CD22 MAbs. Our aim was to develop a recombinant bispecific MAb against CD20 and CD22 antigens, and to evaluate its anti-tumor potency compared to the parental MAbs. Methods: Tetravalent anti-CD20/CD22 bsMAb in the form of anti-CD20 IgG linked to two anti-CD22 scFv’s was prepared recombinantly. The ability of the bsMAb to inhibit cell growth and mediate CDC and ADCC was evaluated by cell-based assays. Phosphorylation and distribution of CD22 in B-lymphoma cells treated with the bsMAb were studied by immunoblotting. The extension of survival of disseminated Daudi lymphoma cells in SCID mice also was evalauted. Results: In contrast to the parental anti-CD22 MAb, epratuzumab, the bsMAb did not internalize in Ramos cells. In CDC tests, the bsMAb showed no cytotoxic effects, similar to epratuzumab, although it did bind C1q complement protein, unlike epratuzumab. In ADCC, the bsMAb was as potent as the parental humanized anti-CD20 Mab, hA20, in inducing target-cell lysis. The anti-CD20/CD22 bsMAb has distinct effects on NHL B-cell lines compared to each parental monospecific MAb or in combination: <10 nM bsMAb causes cells to aggregate; in the soluble, non-crosslinked form, while none of the parental MAbs alone or mixed had significant anti-proliferative activity, the recombinant bsMAb was strongly anti-proliferative; the anti-proliferation activities induced by an anti-IgM Ab and the bsMAb were synergistic; and the bsMAb resulted in rapid redistribution of CD22 into detergent-resistant membrane microdomains on the cell surface. Initial animal studies show that the bsMab significantly extended survival over control SCID mice. Conclusion: The recombinantly fused anti-CD20/CD22 bsMAb has new properties compared to the parental monospecific MAbs, and may represent a new class of potential therapeutic agents that could replace binary combinations of antibodies.

Decellularized bone extracellular matrix in skeletal tissue engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-764
Author(s):  
Benjamin B. Rothrauff ◽  
Rocky S. Tuan
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Skeletal Tissue ◽  
Large Bone

Bone possesses an intrinsic regenerative capacity, which can be compromised by aging, disease, trauma, and iatrogenesis (e.g. tumor resection, pharmacological). At present, autografts and allografts are the principal biological treatments available to replace large bone segments, but both entail several limitations that reduce wider use and consistent success. The use of decellularized extracellular matrices (ECM), often derived from xenogeneic sources, has been shown to favorably influence the immune response to injury and promote site-appropriate tissue regeneration. Decellularized bone ECM (dbECM), utilized in several forms — whole organ, particles, hydrogels — has shown promise in both in vitro and in vivo animal studies to promote osteogenic differentiation of stem/progenitor cells and enhance bone regeneration. However, dbECM has yet to be investigated in clinical studies, which are needed to determine the relative efficacy of this emerging biomaterial as compared with established treatments. This mini-review highlights the recent exploration of dbECM as a biomaterial for skeletal tissue engineering and considers modifications on its future use to more consistently promote bone regeneration.

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