scholarly journals Impact of the Mode of Delivery on Gastroschisis Anatomical Features in the Newborn Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
O K Slepov ◽  
I Y Gordienko ◽  
V P Soroka ◽  
O P Gladyshko ◽  
O P Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Natural Mode ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Group I ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Newborn Children

Introduction. The mode of delivery for gravidas with fetuses with GS plays an important role among the factors influencing the results of gastroschisis (GS) treatment. More researchers come to univocal conclusion that elective and early cesarean section has positive impact on elimination (prevention) of GS complications compared to previous experience in natural deliveries in term. However, the impact of the mode of delivery to anatomical features of GS remains still not investigated.The objective of the research was to determine the impact of the delivery mode on anatomical characteristics of newborn children with GS.Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of 100 patients’ case histories was conducted. Infants were born naturally or via C-section during the period from 1987 to 2015. All newborns were divided into 3 clinical groups according to prenatal diagnosis, mode of delivery, transportation, place and term of surgical treatment of GS.Results. Localization of penetration defect of anterior abdominal wall (AAW) remains constant and typical for GS in every clinical group; therefore the mode of delivery did not have any impact upon the localization of defects in case of this malformation. The size of the penetration defect was significantly smaller in children after C-section than those born via vaginal deliveries. Thus, in Group I (children born via C-section) the defects sizes were 3.15 ± 0.09 cm, while in Groups II and III (after vaginal deliveries) the sizes were 4.17 ± 0.3 cm, p<0.01, and 4.7 ± 0.29 cm, p<0.01, respectively. The eventration rate of retroperitoneal organs (pancreas and duodenum) was significantly higher in children with GS born via natural mode of delivery (II and III clinical group) than in neonates born via C-section (I clinical group), constituting 56.0% and 63.3% to 25.0%, respectively, with p<0.01.Conclusions. The mode of delivery (C-section or vaginal) has impact on anatomical features of GS in the newborns. The size of AAW defect is significantly greater in children with GS born vaginally than in infants born via C-section and eventeration rate of retroperitoneal organs (pancreas and duodenum) is higher.

scholarly journals The impact of delivery mode on the risk of neonatal intracranial haemorrhage

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nika Buh ◽  
Miha Lučovnik
Keyword(s):  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Intracranial Haemorrhage ◽  
Caesarean Delivery ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Vacuum Extraction ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Emergency Caesarean ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The objective of the study was to examine the association between the mode of delivery and the incidence of neonatal intracranial haemorrhage.Methods: Slovenian National Perinatal Information System (NPIS) data for the period 2002 through 2016 were analysed. Nulliparous women delivering singleton neonates in cephalic presentation weighting 2,500 to 4,000g were included. Incidence of neonatal intracranial haemorrhage in vacuum delivery vs. other modes of delivery was compared using the Chi-square test (p < 0.05 significant).Results: 125,393 deliveries were included: 5,438 (4 %) planned caesarean deliveries, 9,7764 (78 %) spontaneous vaginal deliveries, 15,577 (12 %) emergency caesarean deliveries, and 6,614 (5 %) vacuum extractions. 17 (0.14/1000) neonatal intracranial haemorrhages were recorded: 12 occurred in spontaneous vaginal deliveries, two in emergency caesarean deliveries, and three in vacuum extractions. In comparison to infants born by spontaneous vaginal delivery, those delivered by vacuum extraction had higher rates of intracranial haemorrhage (odds ratio (OR) 3.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04−13.10). Risk estimates did not reach statistical significance when comparing infants born by vacuum extraction and those born by emergency caesarean delivery (OR 3.54; 95% CI 0.59−21.16).Discussion and conclusion: Infants born by vacuum extraction have significantly higher rates of intracranial haemorrhage than those born by spontaneous vaginal delivery although the absolute risk is small. There are no significant differences in the rates of intracranial haemorrhage in vacuum extraction vs. emergency caesarean delivery.

scholarly journals Influence of age, mode of delivery and parity on the prevalence of posterior pelvic floor dysfunctions

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sthela Maria Murad-Regadas ◽  
Francisco Sergio P Regadas ◽  
Lusmar Veras Rodrigues ◽  
Débora Couto Furtado ◽  
Ana Cecília Gondim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Obstructed Defecation ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Obstructed Defecation Syndrome ◽  
Group I ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Group Ii

CONTEXT: The correlation between vaginal delivery, age and pelvic floor dysfunctions involving obstructed defecation is still a matter of controversy. OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of age, mode of delivery and parity on the prevalence of posterior pelvic floor dysfunctions in women with obstructed defecation syndrome. METHODS: Four hundred sixty-nine females with obstructed defecation syndrome were retrospectively evaluated using dynamic 3D ultrasonography to quantify posterior pelvic floor dysfunctions (rectocele grade II or III, rectal intussusception, paradoxical contraction/non-relaxation of the puborectalis and entero/ sigmoidocele grade III). In addition, sphincter damage was evaluated. Patients were grouped according to age (<50y x >50y) and stratified by mode of delivery and parity: group I (<50y): 218 patients, 75 nulliparous, 64 vaginal delivery and 79 only cesarean section and group II (>50y): 251 patients, 60 nulliparous, 148 vaginal delivery and 43 only caesarean section. Additionally, patients were stratified by number of vaginal deliveries: 0 - nulliparous (n = 135), 1 - vaginal (n = 46), >1 - vaginal (n = 166). RESULTS: Rectocele grade II or III, intussusception, rectocele + intussusception and sphincter damage were more prevalent in Group II (P = 0.0432; P = 0.0028; P = 0.0178; P = 0.0001). The stratified groups (nulliparous, vaginal delivery and cesarean) did not differ significantly with regard to rectocele, intussusception or anismus in each age group. Entero/sigmoidocele was more prevalent in the vaginal group <50y and in the nulliparous and vaginal groups >50y. No correlation was found between rectocele and the number of vaginal deliveries. CONCLUSION: Higher age (>50 years) was shown to influence the prevalence of significant rectocele, intussusception and sphincter damage in women. However, delivery mode and parity were not correlated with the prevalence of rectocele, intussusception and anismus in women with obstructed defecation.

scholarly journals Does the maternal vaginal microbiota play a role in seeding the microbiota of neonatal gut and nose?

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sakwinska ◽  
F. Foata ◽  
B. Berger ◽  
H. Brüssow ◽  
S. Combremont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Stool Microbiota ◽  
The Impact

The acquisition and early maturation of infant microbiota is not well understood despite its likely influence on later health. We investigated the contribution of the maternal microbiota to the microbiota of infant gut and nose in the context of mode of delivery and feeding. Using 16S rRNA sequencing and specific qPCR, we profiled microbiota of 42 mother-infant pairs from the GUSTO birth cohort, at body sites including maternal vagina, rectum and skin; and infant stool and nose. In our study, overlap between maternal vaginal microbiota and infant faecal microbiota was minimal, while the similarity between maternal rectal microbiota and infant microbiota was more pronounced. However, an infant’s nasal and gut microbiota were no more similar to that of its own mother, than to that of unrelated mothers. These findings were independent of delivery mode. We conclude that the transfer of maternal vaginal microbes play a minor role in seeding infant stool microbiota. Transfer of maternal rectal microbiota could play a larger role in seeding infant stool microbiota, but approaches other than the generally used analyses of community similarity measures are likely to be needed to quantify bacterial transmission. We confirmed the clear difference between microbiota of infants born by Caesarean section compared to vaginally delivered infants and the impact of feeding mode on infant gut microbiota. Only vaginally delivered, fully breastfed infants had gut microbiota dominated by Bifidobacteria. Our data suggest that reduced transfer of maternal vaginal microbial is not the main mechanism underlying the differential infant microbiota composition associated with Caesarean delivery. The sources of a large proportion of infant microbiota could not be identified in maternal microbiota, and the sources of seeding of infant gut and nasal microbiota remain to be elucidated.

Influence of newborn head circumference and birth weight on the delivery mode of primipara: what is more important?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 681-686
Author(s):  
Karolina Passerini ◽  
Juozas Kurmanavicius ◽  
Tilo Burkhardt ◽  
Dalia Balsyte
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Delivery Outcome ◽  
Delivery Outcomes ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectivesAim of the study was to analyze the impact of head circumference (HC) and birth weight (BW) on the delivery mode and delivery outcomes.MethodsStudy population consisted of pregnancy, delivery and newborn data from 1,762 women, who delivered between 2004 and 2016 at University Hospital of Zurich (UHZ). Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for mode of delivery. Newborns were sorted into four groups according HC or BW. To evaluate the association between HC and delivery outcome, a descriptive analysis was performed. In addition reference charts of newborn HC at term were constructed.ResultsOR for instrumental delivery (ID) was 2.37 (CI 95%, 1.63–3.46), for C-Section (CS) 3.74 (CI 95%, 1.49–9.37) when HC >36 cm. OR for ID was 1.59 (CI 95%, 1.02–2.50), for CS 3.18 (CI 95% 1.08–9.350) when BW was >4,000 g. OR for ID was 2.15 (95% CI, 1.69–2.73), for CS 1.93 (95% CI, 0.89–4.18) when HC ≥36 cm and BW <4000 g. OR for ID was 2.23 (95% CI, 1.35–3.67), for CS 4.39 (95% CI, 1.48–12.99) when HC ≥36 cm and BW ≥4,000 g. HC ≥36 cm was defined as large in our study. Mothers with higher age and body mass index delivered babies with larger HC (p<0.05). Blood loss and duration of expulsion period and BW was associated with larger HC (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe rate of ID and CS increased in case of a larger HC and greater BW. However, the main prognostic factor for ID was size of HC: ≥36 cm, but not macrosomia.

scholarly journals The Association Between Mode of Delivery and Later Educational Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Li ◽  
Rebecca Slykerman ◽  
Barry Milne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionCaesarean section (C-section) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. It can be a life-saving intervention when medical complications arise, but may cause adverse consequences for the mothers when it is not medically necessary. The upwards trend of C-section is becoming a general concern as it might be associated with a wide range of child outcomes such as immune diseases, respiratory diseases and developmental problems. One underlying mechanism of such association is through gut microbiota. Mode of delivery is a signification factor which determines the gut bacterial environment in early days of life. Gut microbiota can impact cognitive development via microbiota gut brain axis. Objectives and ApproachThis study investigated the association between mode of delivery and later educational outcomes of the children, using linked data from New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure. The participants consisted of children born in New Zealand between 1Jan1996 and 31Dec1998. All birth information were retrieved from Department of Internal Affairs and were linked to Ministry of Health data to obtain delivery methods from mothers’ diagnosis records. Once delivery modes were identified, the data was then linked to records from Ministry of Education to obtain children’s educational outcomes at secondary school. Three outcome variables were chosen: University Entrance, Highest Endorsement Level and National Certificate of Educational Achievement Level 2 Percentile Score. ResultsThe results have shown that C-section and assisted vaginal delivery were associated with better secondary school educational achievement, comparing to unassisted vaginal delivery. The results persisted after adjusting for sociodemographic factors such as household income, maternal education and deprivation index; infant factors such as birth weight, gestational age and ethnicity. However, when within family variation was further controlled for in the sibling fixed effects analysis, C-section was no longer associated with improved educational achievement. Conclusion / ImplicationsThis indicated that the impact of delivery mode might be negligible on later educational achievement.

scholarly journals O-197 Maternal and neonatal characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 from early pregnancy until labor: an overview of systematic reviews

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Siristatidis ◽  
M Papapanou ◽  
M Papaioannou ◽  
A Petta ◽  
E Routsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Study question What is the current obstetric-perinatal and neonatal outcome of infected pregnant women and their newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic? Summary answer Miscarriage rates were &lt;2.5%, even when only studies of moderate/high-quality were included. Increased rates of CS and preterm birth were found, with uncertain vertical transmission. What is known already A considerable number of systematic reviews, with substantial heterogeneity regarding their methods and included populations, on the impact of COVID-19 on infected pregnant women and their neonates, has emerged. Study design, size, duration Three bibliographical databases were searched (last search: September 10, 2020). Quality assessment was performed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Primary outcomes included mode of delivery, preterm delivery/labor, premature rupture of membranes (PROM/pPROM) and abortions/miscarriages. Outcomes were mainly presented as ranges. A separate analysis, including only moderate and high-quality systematic reviews, was also conducted. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020214447); Participants/materials, setting, methods The search strategy followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline. Keywords employed were (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR “Coronavirus disease 2019”) AND (“Neonatal outcom*” OR “Neonatal characteristic*” OR “Maternal outcom*” OR “maternal characteristic*” OR “pregnancy outcom*” OR “vertical transmission”). All retrieved studies were imported into the Rayyan QCRI and duplicated articles were removed. A snow-ball procedure was also implemented by hand-searching the reference lists of included systematic reviews for additional sources. Main results and the role of chance Thirty-nine reviews were analyzed. Twelve reviews (30.8%) were found to be of “very low quality”, 11 of “low quality”, 13 (33.3%) of “moderate”, and three (7.7%) of “high quality”. Ten articles dealt with miscarriages. One review integrated them into pregnancy terminations (1.4% (4/295)), one into intrauterine fetal deaths (1(3%)), while another one described them as “spontaneous abortions” (0.8% (3/385)). Taking into account reviews, which calculated these rates for their entire included population, miscarriage rates were &lt;2.5%. The reported rates by moderate and high-quality studies were ≤ 2%. Reported rates,regarding both preterm and term gestations, varied between 52.3%-95.8% for caesarean sections; 4.2%-44.7% for vaginal deliveries; 14.3%-63.8% specifically for preterm deliveries and 22.7%-32.2% for preterm labor; 5.3%-12.7% for PROM and 6.4%-16.1% for pPROM. Maternal anxiety for potential fetal infection contributed to abortion decisions, while SARS-CoV-2-related miscarriages could not be excluded. Maternal ICU admission and mechanical ventilation rates were 3%-28.5% and 1.4%-12%, respectively. Maternal mortality rate was &lt;2%, while stillbirth, neonatal ICU admission and mortality rates were &lt;2.5%, 3.1%-76.9% and &lt;3%, respectively. Neonatal PCR positivity rates ranged between 1.6% and 10%. After accounting for quality of studies, ranges of our primary outcomes remained unchanged. Limitations, reasons for caution Results are presented in a narrative way using ranges as the primary mean of quantification. We also included studies with both RT-PCR positive women and women with suspected infection based on their clinical and imaging manifestations, whereas, if excluding them, we might have missed a considerable source of information. Wider implications of the findings In conclusion, a rapid increase of CS was observed, especially at the beginning of the pandemic, most likely due to lack of knowledge and robust recommendations. Preterm birth rates were elevated, with iatrogenic reasons potentially involved. Even though neonatal infections were rare, the probability of vertical transmission cannot be eliminated. Trial registration number not applicable’

scholarly journals Mifepristone versus oxytocin for cervical ripening prior to induction of labour

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
Rosina Manandhar ◽  
Rachana Saha ◽  
Junu Bajracharya ◽  
Rumina Malla
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Induction Of Labour ◽  
Cervical Ripening ◽  
P Value ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
Number Of Patients

Background: Induction of labour is one of the most important interventions done in modern obstetric practice and the success of induction techniques depends upon its role in cervical ripening and improvement in the Bishop’s score.Objectives: This study was done to compare the improvement in Bishop’s score among the women receiving oral mifepristone and oxytocin infusion to ripen the cervix prior to induction of labour at term.Methods: This was a hospital based, prospective randomized controlled trial conducted from August 2015 to February 2016. A total 68 patients were randomized into two groups: Mifepristone group and Oxytocin group. The improvement in Bishop’s score prior to and after 48 hours of cervical ripening, induction to delivery interval in vaginal delivery, mode of delivery, any adverse maternal and foetal outcome were recorded in both the groups.Results: The study demonstrated an overall significant improvement in Bishop’s score in mifepristone group compared to oxytocin group (p-value=0.003). A significant number of patients in mifepristone group had improved mean Bishop’s score (p-value=0.001) after 48 hours of cervical ripening. There were more vaginal deliveries in the mifepristone group, with shorter mean induction to delivery interval as compared to the oxytocin group. There were no maternal side effects and adverse perinatal outcomes in both the groups.Conclusions: Mifepristone is a good alternative to oxytocin for cervical ripening for induction of labour.

scholarly journals Global Changes of 5-mC/5h-mC Ratio and Methylation of Adiponectin and Leptin Gene in Placenta Depending on Mode of Delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3195
Author(s):  
Aneta Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak ◽  
Marcelina Malinowska ◽  
Anna Kloska ◽  
Joanna Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka ◽  
Mariusz Gujski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Elective Cesarean Section ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Cesarean Sections ◽  
Global Methylation ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
Elective Cesarean

It was suggested that the epigenetic alterations of the placenta are associated with obesity, as well as the delivery mode. This study aimed to assess the effect of maternal outcome and delivery procedure on global placental DNA methylation status, as well as selected 5’-Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine-3’ (CpG) sites in ADIPOQ and LEP genes. Global DNA methylation profile in the placenta was assessed using the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) ratio evaluated with the ELISA, followed by target gene methylation patterns at selected gene regions which were determined using methylation-specific qPCR in 70 placentas from healthy, pregnant women with single pregnancy. We found no statistically significant differences in 5-mC/5-hmC ratio between intrapartum cesarean sections (CS) and vaginal deliveries (p = 0.214), as well as between elective cesarean sections and vaginal deliveries (p = 0.221). In intrapartum cesarean sections, the ADIPOQ demethylation index was significantly higher (the average: 1.75) compared to elective cesarean section (the average: 1.23, p = 0.010) and vaginal deliveries (the average: 1.23, p = 0.011). The LEP demethylation index did not significantly differ among elective CS, intrapartum CS, and vaginal delivery groups. The demethylation index of ADIPOQ correlated negatively with LEP in the placenta in the vaginal delivery group (r = −0.456, p = 0.017), but not with the global methylation. The methylation of a singular locus might be different depending on the mode of delivery and uterine contractions. Further studies should be conducted with locus-specific analysis of the whole genome to detect the methylation index of specific genes involved in metabolism.

Breastfeeding: a key modulator of gut microbiota characteristics in late infancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Matsuyama ◽  
L. F. Gomez-Arango ◽  
N. M. Fukuma ◽  
M. Morrison ◽  
P. S. W. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the most commonly cited factors that may have influenced infants’ gut microbiota profiles at one year of age: mode of delivery, breastfeeding duration and antibiotic exposure. Barcoded V3/V4 amplicons of bacterial 16S-rRNA gene were prepared from the stool samples of 52 healthy 1-year-old Australian children and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Following the quality checks, the data were processed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology pipeline and analysed using the Calypso package for microbiome data analysis. The stool microbiota profiles of children still breastfed were significantly different from that of children weaned earlier (P&lt;0.05), independent of the age of solid food introduction. Among children still breastfed, Veillonella spp. abundance was higher. Children no longer breastfed possessed a more ‘mature’ microbiota, with notable increases of Firmicutes. The microbiota profiles of the children could not be differentiated by delivery mode or antibiotic exposure. Further analysis based on children’s feeding patterns found children who were breastfed alongside solid food had significantly different microbiota profiles compared to that of children who were receiving both breastmilk and formula milk alongside solid food. This study provided evidence that breastfeeding continues to influence gut microbial community even at late infancy when these children are also consuming table foods. At this age, any impacts from mode of delivery or antibiotic exposure did not appear to be discernible imprints on the microbial community profiles of these healthy children.

Impact of mode of delivery on the milk microbiota composition of healthy women

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cabrera-Rubio ◽  
L. Mira-Pascual ◽  
A. Mira ◽  
M. C. Collado
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
The Impact

Breast milk constitutes one of the most important sources of postnatal microbes. However, the influence of perinatal factors on the milk microbiome is still poorly understood. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of mode of delivery on the microbiome composition and diversity present in breast milk of healthy mothers. Mature milk samples (n=10) were taken from mothers after 1 month of exclusively breastfeeding. Microbiomes from milk samples were analyzed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing and targeted quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Despite inter-individual variability in bacterial composition, The Principal Coordinates Analysis clearly separated milk microbiome from mothers with vaginal delivery (n=6) from those who undergo C-section (n=4). In addition, higher bacterial diversity and richness was found in milk samples from vaginal deliveries. Quantitative PCR data showed that higher levels of Bifidobacterium spp. were related significantly to lower levels of Staphylococcus spp. Despite the low sample size, our data suggest that mode of delivery has an important impact on milk microbiome composition. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these results and to understand the biological effects of C-section associated microbes on infant’s health.

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